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Bartholomeu Diaz

The first explorer to sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

Christopher Columbus

Received permission from King Ferdinand to find a route to Asia.

Russian Revolution

Led to Lenin taking power from Tsar Nicholas due to poverty and the impact of World War I.

Treaty of Nanking

Ended the First Opium War, opened trading ports to the British, and gave them Hong Kong.

Taiping Rebellion

A violent uprising in Qing China aiming to create a Christian-based society.

Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief system that focuses on the inward search for God and shuns materialism.

Filial Piety

A virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors, prominent in Confucianism.

Protestant Reformation

A movement led by figures like Martin Luther to reform the Catholic Church's practices.

Tanzimat

Reforms aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire in response to European influence.

Glasnost

A policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev to encourage transparency in the Soviet Union.

Marathas

Hindu empire that rebelled against Aurangzeb of the Mughals, contributing to the decline of Mughal rule.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Ukraine in the early 1930s caused by Stalin's policies, resulting in millions of deaths.

Contras

Nicaraguan rebel groups supported by the Reagan administration against the Sandinista government.

End of Apartheid

Nelson Mandela's efforts and leadership leading to the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa.

James Watt

Inventor credited with improving the steam engine, which was vital for the Industrial Revolution.

Separation of Powers

A political doctrine advocated by Montesquieu, dividing government responsibilities among different branches.

Balfour Declaration

A statement by the British government expressing support for Jewish immigration to Palestine.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China primarily over trade imbalances and the illegal opium trade.

5 Year Plan (USSR)

Economic plans initiated by Stalin to rapidly industrialize the Soviet economy and collectivize agriculture.

Alhambra Decree

A decree issued in 1492 that expelled Jews from Spain, leading to their resettlement in the Ottoman Empire.

New Deal vs. Marshall Plan

The New Deal focused on recovery from the Great Depression, while the Marshall Plan helped rebuild Europe post-WWII.

Ming Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that emphasized the restoration of traditional Chinese culture and Confucian values.

Peasant Rebellions

Uprisings fueled by high taxes and poor economic conditions, often leading to political change.

Fascism

A political ideology led by figures like Mussolini, characterized by authoritarian nationalism.