AP Psychology: People

Wilhelm Wundt

• Father of psych 

• created the 1st lab dedicated to psych 

• studied the senses, reaction time, attention span and emotion

William James

• created functionalism 

• wrote the 1st psych textbook 

• taught 1st psych class

• Proposed Intrinsic theory

G Stanley Hall 

• 1st American to get a PHD in psych 

• Opened 1st psych lab in the USA

• 1st APA president

Mary Whiton Calkins

• joined William James course

• 1st female president of APA 

• worked on memory research

Margaret Floy Washburn

• animal research 

• 1st women w psych degree

• 2nd APA president

Dorothea Dix 

• highlighted unfair treatment of mentally ill 

• reformed insane asylums

Charles Darwin

• natural selection 

• reinforced evolutionary psych

Sigmund Freud

• psychodynamic approach 

• studied the unconscious mind

• Use free association to unearth an individual's unconscious mind.

Ivan Pavlov

• classical conditioning 

• experiment with dogs and digestion

Jean Piaget

• 1st psychologist to conduct cognitive development research 

• theory of cognitive development

Carol Rogers

• humanistic approach 

• researched people's personalities 

John B Watson

• founder of behaviorism 

• believed psych should be focused on things your can physically observe

• was one of the first people to state that behavior see the result of learning 

BF Skinner

• expanded behaviorism 

• operant conditioning

• his work was based off of Edward L Thorndike 

Phineas Gage 

• He was a railroad worker

• got impaled with a big rod

• his prefrontal cortex was damaged

• He suffered severe personality changes

• (led the way for different parts of the brain to be researched) 

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

• they were famous for their work in split brain research 

• split brain procedures are common for people with epilepsy 

• it cuts the corpus callosum dividing the left and right brain so that the hemisphere could no longer communicate

John Garcia

• Researched association

• hypothesized that some associations are more readily available than others

• known for research with taste aversion

Albert Bandura

• Observational learning

• famous boo boo doll experiment

• looked at violence, aggression and modeling

Edward Tolman

• Latent Learning

• Rats complete mazes that rats who had previously been exposed to a certain maze did better than rats with no experience

Edward Thorndike

• Trial and error learning

Robert Rescorla

• focused on cognition and learning 

• showed how animals can be taught to expect the outcome of an event

BF Skinner Box Experiment

• skinner put a rat in a box that has a food dispenser, speaker, light and a lever.

• He started by giving the rat a food pellet when the rat moved towards the lever

• Eventually he only gave the rat a pellet once the rat pushed the lever 

• lever was a discriminative stimulus (stimulus elicits a response) 

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner

they found that animals can be taught to expect the outcome of an event, showing the importance of cognition in learning

Noam Chomsky

• believed that individuals were born with universal grammar and people naturally learn to speak

• He called the process of learning  “language acquisition device”

Hermann Ebbinghaus

• conducted experiment where he took random syllables and spent time trying to memorise them

• he expanded understanding of how memory and relearning work 

Wolfgang Kohler

• helped create gestalt approach and was one of the first individuals to explore insight learning 

Elizabeth Loftus

• focused on understanding memory 

• researched the idea that memories were not alway accurate and looked into how the brain could create false memories 

George A Miller

• proceed that people can store about 1 to 7 pieces of information in their short-term memory 

Charles Spearman

• believed people have one general intelligence.

• Which can be measured with a single score: ACT STAT IQ 

Howard Gardener

• indeed the eight types of intelligence

• believed that there are different types of intelligence

Robert Sternberg

• agreed with gardner about there being multiple intelligences, but thought that there was more than just traditional intelligences.

• Broke intelligences into three categories

Alfred Binet

expanded our understanding of intelligence and laid the groundwork for the education system

• invented the IQ test  

Francis Galton 

• believed that people were naturally born with high ability.

• He is credited when being the first person to believe that we can qualify education 

Lewis Terman

• modified the work of Binet to determine the level of intelligence people had

• Created the stanford-Binet intelligence scale

David Wechsler

• created the ______ Adult Intelligence Scale His test would provide an individual with an overall intelligence score and also an individual score 

Noam Chomsky (perspective on language)

he believed that there was universal grammar and that people naturally learn to speak 

Skinner (Perspective on Language)

he believed that languages are learned through association, imitation and reinforcement and is not something we are born with 

Edward Sapir (Perspective on Language)

whatever language we are raised with will determine how we think and process information 

Diana Baumrind

• Sought to understand how different parenting styles impact a children's development

• (identify 4 different parenting styles) 

Konrad Lorenz

• Expanded our understanding of how children and animals develop an attachment.
  Researched imprinting with duckling (identification of parents) 

Harry Harlow

• Sought to better understand emotional connections

• Conducted an experiment with monkey to look at the connection between a baby money and a caring mother and a mother who only provides nourishment

Mary Ainsworth

• Conducted the strange situation test, where children were put in unfamiliar environments to see how they would react with and without their mother  

Mary Ainsworth (Strange Situation) 

When the mother left the child alone in a strange location the child world becomes stressed and sad but when the mother returned they would be comforted and return to a happy state  

Carol Gilligan

• Critique of kohlberg's theory because it was based on a longitudinal study where they population was all men 

• She found that kohlberg's original results did not apply strongly to women.

• She found that boys traditionally tend to opt for justice when looking at morality, while women focus on interpersonal relationships

Alfred Kinsey

• researched sexual behavior and motivation.

• His research was controversial, but became influential in future research on human sexual behavior and motivation 

Abraham Maslow

• developed maslow's hierarchy of needs to explain motivation

• Inidvisuals are motivated based on theur current state in life 

Stanley Schachter

• researched how inividuslas interpret their experiences and how that impacts a person emotions.

• Helped develop the scahecter two-factor theory, which believes emotions occur from both a physical and cognitive awareness to a stimulus 

Hans Selye

• looked at how individuals reacted to stress and how thet manage stress.

• He believed individuals go through different stages when dealing with stress, which is known as General Adaptipn Syndrome

Paul Ekman

• believed that certain emotions are innate and can be understood by different cultures.

• Emotions such as happiness, fear, sadness, surprise and anger can be identified by people around the world 

Alfred Adler

• Believed individuals strive to conquer their inferiority complex.

• A person's drive is to feel a sense of belonging and feel significant. 

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae 

• developed a test ath focuses on five different personality factors

• this helped people understand their personality 

Carl Jung

• Believed in the power of the unconscious mind, but believed that the unconscious mind was more than just thoughts and feelings.

• He believed in the collective unconscious, which is shred inherited memories from past generations. 

Adler thought about Freud's ideas

• believed that it was not a child sexual tensions that significantly shaped a child's personality, but rather social  tension.

• He believed that children strived to conquer their inferiority complex, children want to feel a sense of belonging

Carl Jung and a unconscious mind

•  he believed that the unconscious mind has lots of influence over a person, just like freud.

• But he believed that people have a collective unconscious which is shred inherited memories from past generations.  

Julian Rotter

• he believed that our personality developed over time and that we learned from each situation we presented with 

expectancy theory: our behavior is determined based on our expectations and our investment in the outcome of an action

Hands Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck

An  individuals  can look at personality in two ways… 

1. extraversion vs introversion

2. emotional stability vs instability 

   Factor analysis: a way of isolating different variables in a persons personality

Albert Ellis

• Created rational-emotive behavior therapy.

• This is a type of cognitive therapy that works on changing a person's internal thought process about situations

Mary Cover Jones 

• A behavioral psychologist who used counterconditioning.

• Her research was mostly dismissed until Joseph Wolpe refined her techniques into what is known today as exposure therapy 

Joseph Wolpe 

• Took Mary Cover Jones research and refined it into exposure therapy.

• This treatment involves repeatedly exposing the person to the stimulus that frightens them in a controlled setting.

• over time they individuals will become used to the stimuli and the person anxieties will decrease.