APWH 4.6/4.7

Ndongo

Ndongo

Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663).

Matamba

A pre-colonial African state located in what is now modern day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonization attempts.

Black Sea

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Steppe

A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.

Maratha Empire

This Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period

Mirs

communes in which land was dolled out to groups of people and shared

Ana Nzinga

17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s, claimed to be the real csar (tsar)

Queen Nanny

18th century leader of the Jamaican Maroons (formally enslaved Africans). The Maroons fought a guerrilla war against the British in Jamaica. Defeated the British and signed a treaty in 1740.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

William of Orange

King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, declared joint monarchs (1650-1702)

Mary II

Ruled jointly with her husband, William III, after Glorious (Or Bloodless) Revolution.

Mohegan

A group of Native Americans that allied with another native group the Pequot and the English in Metacom's War

Pequot

Indians of Connecticut and Mass Bay area reduced by smallpox. A war between Indians and colonists in 1637 nearly wiped the remaining out.

Wampanoag

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

Metacom's War

First large-scale conflict between colonists and Native Americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (1675-1676)

Pugachev Rebellion

During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by a Cossak who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter

Pueblo Revolt

Native Americans against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after

Maroon Wars

slaves in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom

Gloucester County Rebellion

One of the first slave rebellions in America. This event set the stage for many of the slave uprisings that followed in the decades to come.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Serfs/Peasants

Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived

Cossack

highly mobile Slavic-speaking Christians of the southern Russian steppe who were pivotal in expanding Russian influence in 16th and 17th century Siberia

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

Akbar the Great

(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.

Roxelana

rose from slavery to Suleiman's wife, was highly influential as a 'queen'

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Manchu

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Li Chengdong

Han Chinese general who orchestrated three separate massacres in the city of Jaiding within one month

Liu Liangzuo

Han Chinese defector who massacred the entire population of Jiangyin

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Ivan IV

"The Terrible"; Russian ruler; cruel and tyranical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar"

Timar

a system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he

favored

Harem

the separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants.

Boyar

landowning noble in Russia under the tsars

Nobility

the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Criollo

Those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas

Castas

a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

Mulattos

people of mixed African and European ancestry

Zambos

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.

Barbary Pirates

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid for protection against them.

Impressed

forced into service, especially in the navy

Queues

Traditional Manchu practice of men growing long pony-tails that was imposed on ethnic Han people as a way to test their loyalty to the Qing government. Was considered humiliating. Men who refused the practice could be executed.

Sephardic Jew

Jews whose traditions originated in Spain and Portugal

Ashkenazi Jew

Jews whose traditions originated in central and eastern Europe

Hanfu

Traditional Han Chinese clothing

Han Chinese

Inhabitants of China proper who considered others to be outsiders. They felt that they were the only authentic Chinese.