Microbiology Exam 2 (CH 11-17)

This group of Fungi can cause disease in other wise healthy individuals.

Systemic fungi

The growing feeding form of an intestinal protozoan is called a ____.

trophozoite

What is true of protozoa?
a. the name protozoa means animal like
b. most have a cell wall
c. many have structures for movement
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In what way do Eukaryotes differ from Prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and no peptidogylcan

Tinea pedis is commonly known as ____ ____.

Athlete's foot

Carcinogenic means ______.

cancer causing

Thrush is caused by ____ ____.

Candida fungus

What are the three categories of fungi?

Mushrooms, yeast, and mold

What is true about fungi?
a. The membranes of fungi contain ergosterol
b. fungi can infect subcutaneous skin
c. fungi (yeast) can be used to make insulin
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What is fungus?

a decomposer

T/F: There are mushroom related diseases.

False (there are poisonous mushrooms, but not any mushroom related diseases)

T/F: Molds are dangerous and some are called parasites.

True

Parasites take ____ from host.

nutrients

What is the main sterol in fungal membranes?

ergosterol

mycosis is a ___ infection.

fungal

Mycosis is life threatening to _______ patients.

immunocompromised

Superficial fungi affects ____, ____, and ____.

skin, hair, and nails

Subcutaneous fungi affects ______.

under the skin/can penetrate outer layer of skin

______ fungi takes its opportunity to weaken the immune system.

Opportunistic

Candida/thrush is found in ____.

the mouth, white spots that don't rub off

What form of pneumonia is caused by fungi?

pneumocystis

Aspergillus can infect what parts of the body?

lungs and sinus

Is aspergillus a mold, yeast, or mushroom?

mold

What toxin is produced by aspergillus?

Aflatoxin

What can aflatoxin be found in?

peanuts, or other crops

______ is a yeast that infects the lungs.

Cryptococcus

Cryptococcus can cause what illness?

meningitis

T/F: Aflatoxins are carcinogenic.

True

Mold grows in ____ and can become ____.

Dirt; airborne

Histoplasmosis is a lung infection that is caused by _______.

breathing in a fungus

T/F: Histoplasmosis is dose related.

True

Claviceps produces a neurogenic toxin called _____. And can cause ____ if ingested.

ergot; ergotism

Claviceps are found in ____.

rye

______ is a type of mushroom that can cause fatal liver damage.

Amanita

Penicillin comes from _____.

bread mold

What produces cysts?

trophozoites

Stomach acid kills a lot of microbes but does NOT kill ____.

cysts

what do amoeba use to move around?

pseudopods

_______ are temporary growths on a cell that help it move around. (false foot)

pseudopods

____ are hairlike structures that present on the surface of certain types cells.

Cilia

____ are whiptail appendage that protrudes from certain cells.

flagella

T/F: Amoeba have a cell wall.

False (amoeba do NOT have a cell wall)

Entamoeba is what kind of amoeba?

intestinal amoeba

Naegleria is what type of amoeba?

brain amoeba

Where does naegleria live?

in water

If naegleria gets into your ____ it can affect your brain?

sinus

Apicomplexans are what type of parasite?

obligate intracellular parasite ( have to live in cells)

Toxoplasmosis mainly comes from what two things?

Cat feces and undercooked meat

What infection can cause serious harm to a fetus if the parasite is infecting a pregnant woman?

toxoplasmosis

What blood parasite does malaria come from?

plasmodium

What is a hemoflagellate?

A parasitic protozoa that infects your blood

What is transmitted by tse-tse fly and causes African sleeping sickness?

Trypanosoma

____ are proteins with damaging effects.

exotoxins

______ infection: microbe limited to small area.

localized

_____ infection: agent spread throughout the body.

systemic

what does the suffix -emia mean?

in the blood

_____ is bacteria circulating in bloodstream.

bacteremia

_____ is toxins circulating in bloodstream.

toxemia

_____ is viruses circulating in bloodstream.

viremia

direct effect

toxins produces

indirect effect

immune response

Do exotoxins act locally or systemically?

They can act both locally or systemically

What leaks into tissue following bacterial lysis?

exotoxins

Immune system can usually generate _______.

antibodies

Some exotoxins are ____ before adequate immune response.

fatal

Antitoxin does what?

neutralizes toxins

Neurotoxins damage _____ system.

nervous

Enterotoxins cause _____damage.

intestinal

Cytotoxins damage variety of ______ types.

cell

The process of inducing immunity is ______.

immunization

________ are methods designed to _____ or suppress ________ as a means to treat certain diseases

Immunotherapies; enhance; immune responses

What kind of immunity is gained through normal events such as illness?

Naturally acquired immunity

What kind of immunity is gained through immunization?

Artificially acquired immunity

What kind of immunity results from exposure to an antigen?

Active immunity

What type of cells are involved in active immunity?

Memory cells (that provide long lasting protection)

Active immunity is ____ by infection _____ through vaccination

natural; passive

What kind of immunity results from addition of other’s antibodies.

Passive immunity

Memory cells are formed in ____ immunity and are NOT formed in _____ immunity.

active; NOT in passive

_______ _______ immunity is when mothers antibodies cross placenta and are in breast milk.

Natural passive

_______ _______ immunity is involved in the injection of antiserum-containing antibodies.

Artificial passive immunity

_____ globulins have antibodies to specific disease.

Hyperimmune

___ globulins have a variety of antibodies.

Immune globulin

What can prevent disease before or after likely exposure?

Vaccines

Vaccines induce ____ _____, protect individual, and prevent spread in population.

active immunity,

_____ ______ develops when critical portion of population is immune to disease.

herd immunity

____ _____ is responsible for dramatic declines in childhood diseases.

herd immunity

T/F: Diseases can sometimes reappear and spread as a result of failure to vaccinate children.

true

Effective vaccines have what?

few side effects, give long lasting protection, ideally low in cost, stable, and easy to administer.

_____ vaccine has a stronger immune response but may cause disease.

attenuated

_____ vaccine weakens immune response but cannot cause infections.

inactivated

An advantage to an ____ vaccine is that a single dose induces long lasting immunity

attenuated

The disadvantage of an _____ vaccine is that it can sometimes cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals and that it usually requires refrigeration.

attenuated

What type of vaccine is typically NOT recommended to a pregnant woman?

attenuated

An advantage to an ____ vaccine is that it cannot cause infection.

inactivated

A disadvantage to an _____ vaccine is that several booster doses are usually needed.

inactivated

Inactivated vaccines often contain ____ that ____ immune response to antigens.

Adjuvant; enhances

A virus that infects bacteria is a ____.

bacteriophage

Virus that can cause cancer in humans is _____.

oncovirus

What controls viral infections and regulates of immune responses?

Interferon (IFNs)

____ are the voices of cells.

Cytokines