Archaebacteria
Ancient bacteria
Eubacteria
Modern bacteria
Where archaebacteria are found
Extreme conditions
Pili
Part of bacteria cell that is responsible for sexual conjugation
Autotrophs
Can prepare their own food “producers”
Heterotrophs
Consumers, need to consume their food
Chemosynthetic bacteria
gets energy from chemical reactions
Photosynthetic bacteria
bacteria that can photosynthesize
Parasitic bacteria
bacteria that can get nutrients from a host
Saprophytic
“decomposer” bacteria that feeds on decaying matter
Crystal Violet (gram staining)
Stains peptidoglycan layer purple
Iodine (gram staining)
“sets” crystal violet stain
Ethanol (gram staining)
dissolves crystal violet
Safranin (gram staining)
stains gram negative bacteria pink
Binary fission
asexual reproduction
Advantage of binary fission
bacteria can multiply very fast
Disadvantage of binary fission
no variety, can all be killed if doesnt mutate
Method 1 for bacteria to cause disease
Binary fission
Method 2 for bacteria to cause disease
Getting inside a host cell using invasins, protects the cell from antibodies and complements
Method 3 for bacteria to cause disease
Toxins (endo and exo)
Endotoxins
Macrophage engulfs endotoxic bacteria, bacteria releases endotoxins
Macrophage releases cytokines
Cytokines travel to hypothalamus
Cytokines cause fever
Exotoxins
Bacteria produces exotoxins
Inhibits protein synthesis
B component is released from host cell to infect more host cells
More dangerous toxin
Exotoxin
Less dangerous toxin (unless it spreads)
Endotoxin
Disease caused by endotoxins
Typhoid fever
Diseases caused by exotoxins
Diphtheria and tetanus
Iron tug of war
Macrophages and bacteria both need iron to reproduce
Complements
Proteins made by liver, forms MAC (membrane attack complex)
Classical pathway
happens when combined with antibodies that are attached to antigens after humoral response
Alternative pathway
spontaneously happens, doesnt need humoral response
Chain of infection target 1
Susceptible host
Chain of infection target 2
Means of transmission
Chain of infection target 3
Reservoirs
Plasmids
small subsets of DNA
DNA vaccine
makes fake antigen marker for an immune response
Endospores
DNA surrounded by thick wall, can create a new cell up to 50 years later
how antibiotics work
kills microbe, inhibits reproduction
Conjugation
creation of new bacterial cells through plasmid creation/transfer , need to have a mate
CRISPR
gene editing tool
Quorum sensing
Way of communication to let bacteria know that there are enough of them to act on a cell
Biofilm
lots of bacterium stuck together so they arent wiped out as easily