unit 1 ap world review

Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE, China)

Economically advanced, urbanized; bureaucracy based on Confucianism.

Champa rice (China/Vietnam, 11th century)

Fast-growing rice from Vietnam → population growth → urbanization & trade expansion.

Commercial Revolution (China, 11th–13th c.)

Paper money, markets, proto-industrialization → boosted trade & cities.

Key Inventions (China)

Compass, gunpowder, printing → spread via Silk Roads & Indian Ocean.

Civil Service Exam & Scholar-Gentry (China)

Merit-based bureaucracy → Confucian elite dominate society.

Confucianism / Neo-Confucianism (China)

Social hierarchy, filial piety, reinforced gender roles.

Trade Networks (China)

Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Grand Canal, Tribute system → spread Chinese tech & influence.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE, Middle East/Iraq)

Golden Age; Baghdad = trade & knowledge hub; fell to Mongols & trade shifts.

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517 CE, Egypt)

Turkic slave soldiers control Egypt → Indian Ocean trade power.

Seljuk Turks (11th–13th c., Persia/Anatolia)

Sunni rulers; sultan controls political power, caliph = religious authority.

Trade Networks (Middle East, Africa, Asia)

Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan → spread goods, ideas, and Islam.

House of Wisdom (Baghdad, Iraq)

Scholars preserve knowledge → math, astronomy, literature.

Sufism (Islamic world)

Mystical Islam → spreads religion peacefully, adapted locally.

Dhimmi / Jizya (Islamic lands)

Non-Muslims pay tax but retain religious freedom; social structure under Islamic law.

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE, India)

Muslim rulers over Hindu majority → weak bureaucracy, jizya tax.

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE, India)

Hindu resistance to Muslim rule in South India.

Chola Dynasty (9th–13th c., India/Sri Lanka)

Maritime empire → trade & expansion to Sri Lanka.

Srivijaya (7th–13th c., Indonesia/Malacca Strait)

Hindu maritime trade empire → controlled Strait of Malacca.

Majapahit (1293–1527 CE, Indonesia)

Buddhist maritime empire → tributary system.

Bhakti Movement (India, 8th–17th c.)

Personal devotion → challenged caste system, appealed to women & lower classes.

Sufism / Lal Ded (India & Southeast Asia)

Religious syncretism → Hindu + Islamic blending.

Indian Ocean Trade (South & Southeast Asia)

Spreads goods, culture, Islam; Southeast Asia controls strategic trade routes.

Maya (200–900 CE, Mesoamerica)

City-states → writing, zero, calendar, astronomy; decline

Aztec (1325–1521 CE, Mexico)

Tenochtitlan; tribute economy, human sacrifice, centralized theocracy.

Inca (1438–1533 CE, Peru/Andes)

Andes-based empire → mit’a labor system, quipu, terrace farming, Sun worship; centralized state.

Mississippian Culture (800–1600 CE, North America)

Cahokia → earthen mounds, matrilineal society, social hierarchy.

Chaco / Mesa Verde (9th–13th c., North America)

Stone cities & cliff dwellings; adapted to dry climate; decline from drought.

Ghana Empire (6th–13th c., West Africa)

Gold-salt trade → centralized power & wealth.

Mali Empire (1230–1600 CE, West Africa)

Mansa Musa → pilgrimage spread wealth & Islam; Timbuktu = learning center.

Zimbabwe (11th–15th c., Southeast Africa)

Gold trade, stone city (Great Zimbabwe), decline from overgrazing.

Ethiopia (c. 1000–1500 CE, East Africa)

Christian kingdom, agriculture, rock-cut churches; blend of local & Christian traditions.

Trans-Saharan Trade (West Africa → North Africa)

Gold, salt, slaves → connected West Africa to North Africa.

Indian Ocean Trade (East Africa)

Linked Africa & Asia → spread Islam & culture.

Ibn Battuta (14th c., Morocco → Africa)

Traveled & documented African societies, spread Islamic culture.

Animism & Syncretism (Africa)

Blending local beliefs with Islam/Christianity.

Feudalism (9th–15th c., Europe)

Land-for-service system → decentralized power.

Manorial System (Europe)

Self-sufficient estates; serfs provide labor.

Magna Carta (1215 CE, England)

Limited king’s power.

Three-field System (Europe)

Crop rotation → population growth → urbanization.

Bourgeoisie/Burghers (Europe)

Middle-class merchants & artisans → challenge nobility.

Crusades (1096–1291 CE, Europe → Middle East)

Religious wars → trade & cultural exchange.

Black Death (1347–1351 CE, Europe)

Killed ~⅓ population → labor shortages, social mobility.

Renaissance (14th–17th c., Europe)

Cultural revival → humanism, art, literature; sparked by trade & urban wealth.

Humanism (Europe)

Focus on education & human potential over purely religious devotion.