Bio Chapter 1 Test

Know the applications rather than just the terms

atom/atomos

unable to cut

What are the subatomic particles that make up atoms?

protons, neutrons, electrons

which subatomic particles belong in the nucleus

protons, neutrons

electrons are in...

constant motion

chemical element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

atomic number

the number of protons in the atom of an element

mass number

the sum of the protons and neutrons

the atomic mass is the _______ of the element

weight

isotope

atoms that contain more neutrons than protons

how are isotopes identified?

By their mass number

how are radioactive isotopes used?

-to determine the ages of rocks and fossils

-treat cancer

-kill bacteria that causes food to spoil

what is a chemical compound?

a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2+ elements in difinate proportions

chemical formula-

a way sciencetists show the combination of compounds

atoms in a compound are held together by...

chemical bonds

what are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

what is the valence shell

the outermost shell of an atom

how many electrons does the first shell hold?

up to 2 electrons

how many electrons does the second shell hold?

up to 8 electrons

how many electrons does the third shell hold?

up to 8 electrons

what are the two types of chemical bonds?

-covalent

-Ionic

ionic bond-

a bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

cation

an atom that looses electrons and has a positive charge (pawwwsitive)

anion

an atom that gains electrons and has a negetive charge

covalent bond

forms when electrons are shared between atoms

single covalent bond

when atoms share one electron pair

double covalent bond

when atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond-

when the sharing of electrons between 2 atoms is equal

what causes areas of positive and negetive charges in bonds?

when the atoms in bonds do not share elecrons equally

Electronegativity

an atom’s ability to attract electrons

What affects electronegativity?

atomic weight and it’s distance from the nucleus

If the difference in electronegativity is >1.67 then…

the bond is ionic

If the difference in electronegativity is <1.67 then…

the bond is covalent

Hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative element

Cohesion

attraction between elements of the same substance

Surface tension

attraction between molecules of a liquid on the surface that act as a sheet

Adhesion

water attached to something else

capillary action

when surface tension pulls water up through narrow tubes(ex: plant stems)

Solvent

Dissolving agent

Solute

substance being dissolved

Solute+Solvent

Solution

H+

Hydrogen ion

OH-

Hydroxide ion

What does pH measure?

the number of Hydrogen ions

pH <7

acidic(more Hydrogen than Hydroxide)

pH >7

basic/alkaline(more Hydroxide than Hydrogen)

buffer

a weak acid or base that controls your body’s pH(homeostasis)

Organic Chem

study of all compounds w/ Carbon bonds

How many electrons does Carbon want?

4

Carbon chains

almost unbreakable links between carbon atoms

Be able to draw glucose

Macromolecule

a super large molecule

Monomers

the smallest unit in macromolecules; make up polymers

How are macromolecules formed?

condensation and dehydration reactions

What are the four types of macromolecules?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

What are carbs made of?

Monosaccharides(a type of monomer)

How are carbs used?

as an energy source

-ose means…

monosaccharides(sugar)

3+ monosaccharides is…

polysaccharide

Excess sugar in animals

Glycogen

Excess sugar in plants

starch

Do lipids have monomers?

No

What are the types of lipids?

1. Fats

2. Steroids

3. Waxes

4. Oils

5. Phospholipids

What is a lipid’s main function?

1. Store energy

2. Form cell membranes

3. Protect against H₂O loss

Hydroxyl

OH (Not OH-)

Fats

made of glycerol and fatty acids

Be able to draw a functional Carboxyl group

Be able to draw Glycerol

Saturated fats

All C bonded to a H and/or a functional group

Unsaturated fat

C linked with double bonds

Unsaturated fat does what to a molecule?

Makes a kink

Where can you find unsaturated fats?

Plant and fish oils(liquid)

Nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

Be able to draw a nucleotide

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

1. DNA(2 strands)

2. RNA(1 strand)

Proteins are…

polymers made of amino acids

Amino acids make up what?

Protiens

R-group

What makes each amnio acid different

What is the function of proteins?

Transport, structural support, movement(muscles), cellular communication, and defend against foreign substances

Plants and animals need to do what to stay alive?

carry out chemical reactions

Chemical reaction

a process during which chemical bonds are broken or created

reactant

starting materials

reactants become…

products

Reactions that are too slow need what?

a catalyst

Catalyst

speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

activation energy

the energy needed to start a reaction

Enzyme

a protein and catalyst

Enzymes work with different types of chemical reaction(T/F)

False

substrate

the reactant an enzyme works on

What 2 things are bonded until converted into products?

Enzymes and substrates

What affects an enzyme?

pH, salinity, and temp(makes proteins unravel)

Be able to draw an amino acid

Be able to draw a nucleotide