atom/atomos
unable to cut
What are the subatomic particles that make up atoms?
protons, neutrons, electrons
which subatomic particles belong in the nucleus
protons, neutrons
electrons are in...
constant motion
chemical element
pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
atomic number
the number of protons in the atom of an element
mass number
the sum of the protons and neutrons
the atomic mass is the _______ of the element
weight
isotope
atoms that contain more neutrons than protons
how are isotopes identified?
By their mass number
how are radioactive isotopes used?
-to determine the ages of rocks and fossils
-treat cancer
-kill bacteria that causes food to spoil
what is a chemical compound?
a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2+ elements in difinate proportions
chemical formula-
a way sciencetists show the combination of compounds
atoms in a compound are held together by...
chemical bonds
what are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
what is the valence shell
the outermost shell of an atom
how many electrons does the first shell hold?
up to 2 electrons
how many electrons does the second shell hold?
up to 8 electrons
how many electrons does the third shell hold?
up to 8 electrons
what are the two types of chemical bonds?
-covalent
-Ionic
ionic bond-
a bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
cation
an atom that looses electrons and has a positive charge (pawwwsitive)
anion
an atom that gains electrons and has a negetive charge
covalent bond
forms when electrons are shared between atoms
single covalent bond
when atoms share one electron pair
double covalent bond
when atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
nonpolar covalent bond-
when the sharing of electrons between 2 atoms is equal
what causes areas of positive and negetive charges in bonds?
when the atoms in bonds do not share elecrons equally
Electronegativity
an atom’s ability to attract electrons
What affects electronegativity?
atomic weight and it’s distance from the nucleus
If the difference in electronegativity is >1.67 then…
the bond is ionic
If the difference in electronegativity is <1.67 then…
the bond is covalent
Hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative element
Cohesion
attraction between elements of the same substance
Surface tension
attraction between molecules of a liquid on the surface that act as a sheet
Adhesion
water attached to something else
capillary action
when surface tension pulls water up through narrow tubes(ex: plant stems)
Solvent
Dissolving agent
Solute
substance being dissolved
Solute+Solvent
Solution
H+
Hydrogen ion
OH-
Hydroxide ion
What does pH measure?
the number of Hydrogen ions
pH <7
acidic(more Hydrogen than Hydroxide)
pH >7
basic/alkaline(more Hydroxide than Hydrogen)
buffer
a weak acid or base that controls your body’s pH(homeostasis)
Organic Chem
study of all compounds w/ Carbon bonds
How many electrons does Carbon want?
4
Carbon chains
almost unbreakable links between carbon atoms
Be able to draw glucose
Macromolecule
a super large molecule
Monomers
the smallest unit in macromolecules; make up polymers
How are macromolecules formed?
condensation and dehydration reactions
What are the four types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What are carbs made of?
Monosaccharides(a type of monomer)
How are carbs used?
as an energy source
-ose means…
monosaccharides(sugar)
3+ monosaccharides is…
polysaccharide
Excess sugar in animals
Glycogen
Excess sugar in plants
starch
Do lipids have monomers?
No
What are the types of lipids?
Fats
Steroids
Waxes
Oils
Phospholipids
What is a lipid’s main function?
Store energy
Form cell membranes
Protect against H2O loss
Hydroxyl
OH (Not OH-)
Fats
made of glycerol and fatty acids
Be able to draw a functional Carboxyl group
Be able to draw Glycerol
Saturated fats
All C bonded to a H and/or a functional group
Unsaturated fat
C linked with double bonds
Unsaturated fat does what to a molecule?
Makes a kink
Where can you find unsaturated fats?
Plant and fish oils(liquid)
Nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
Be able to draw a nucleotide
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA(2 strands)
RNA(1 strand)
Proteins are…
polymers made of amino acids
Amino acids make up what?
Protiens
R-group
What makes each amnio acid different
What is the function of proteins?
Transport, structural support, movement(muscles), cellular communication, and defend against foreign substances
Plants and animals need to do what to stay alive?
carry out chemical reactions
Chemical reaction
a process during which chemical bonds are broken or created
reactant
starting materials
reactants become…
products
Reactions that are too slow need what?
a catalyst
Catalyst
speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
activation energy
the energy needed to start a reaction
Enzyme
a protein and catalyst
Enzymes work with different types of chemical reaction(T/F)
False
substrate
the reactant an enzyme works on
What 2 things are bonded until converted into products?
Enzymes and substrates
What affects an enzyme?
pH, salinity, and temp(makes proteins unravel)
Be able to draw an amino acid
Be able to draw a nucleotide