AP World History: Unit 7

Unit 7 Review Overview

• Global conflict after 1900: Power shifts, WWI, Interwar period, WWII, Mass atrocities.

7.1 - Shifting Power Context

• Political revolutions in Russia, China, Mexico introduced new ideologies.

• Emperors collapsed under internal/external pressures.

• Internal/external factors led to state changes post-1900.

7.1 - Revolution in Russia

• Early 20th Century: Russia lagged behind Europe, US, Japan.

• Internal Challenges:

  • Stagnant education, transportation, and entrepreneurial support.

  • Resistance to political reform.

• External Challenges:

  • Economic weakness due to military losses (Crimean War, Russo-Japanese War).

  • 1917 Russian Revolution catalyzed by these challenges.

7.1 - Key Events Leading to Revolution

• Bloody Sunday (1905): Tsarist troops killed peaceful reform protesters.

• 1905 Revolution: Widespread worker strikes.

• Bolshevik Revolution (1917): Lenin leads communist reformation, executes Tsar, establishes USSR.

7.1 - Upheaval in China

• Qing Dynasty collapse by 1911; replaced by Chinese Republic.

• Internal Challenges: Ethnic tensions, famine, low government resources.

• Key Movements:

  • Sun Yat-sen’s Three People’s Principles: Democracy, Nationalism, Livelihood.

7.1 - Ottoman Empire Self-Determination

• Decline of the Ottoman Empire; Armenian genocide occurred.

• Young Turks pursued Turkification, leading to civil tensions.

• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk established secular Turkey with modern reforms after WWI.

7.1 - Power Shifts in Mexico

• Early 20th Century under Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship; Mexican Revolution (1910) led by Madero and Zapata.

• Immediate effects included political violence, reformed redistricting policies, and the establishment of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

7.2 - Causes of WWI

• International tensions grew from imperialism, secret alliances, arms races, and nationalism, culminating in the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand.

7.2 - Immediate/Long-Term Causes

• Immediate: Ferdinand's assassination by Gavrilo Princip (Black Hand).

• Long-term (M.A.I.N.): Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

7.2 - Consequences of WWI

• Downfall of monarchies, redrawing of Europe, rise of communism, and a shift of global power to the US.

• Treaty of Versailles placed blame on Germany, leading to WWII.

7.3 - Conducting WWI

• Use of total war strategies, trench warfare, and technological changes like poison gas and machine guns.

• US motivated to join due to economic ties, German aggression, and the Zimmerman Telegram.

7.3 - Global War and Home Front Changes

• Women and colonial troops played vital roles in wartime efforts globally.

• Propaganda fueled nationalism and recruitment across nations.

7.4 - Economy in Interwar Period

• Great Depression sparked demands for government intervention in economies.

• Key Responses: Keynesian Economics in the US; fascism in Germany and Italy promoted industrial control.

7.6 - Causes of WWII

• Economic instability post-WWI led to extreme nationalism and fascism.

• Hitler’s rise linked to Treaty of Versailles, militarism, and anti-Semitism.

7.7 - Conducting WWII

• Total war with new military technologies.

• Axis and Allied strategies shifted through battles like D-Day and the Pacific campaigns.

7.8 - Mass Atrocities

• Ethnic conflicts led to the Armenian genocide, Holocaust, and Cambodian genocide.

• Each major event shaped global human rights outlook.

Conclusion

• Understand the interconnected events of the 20th century leading to shifts in power, conflict, and atrocities.