Apartheid Resistance

What does ANC stand for?

African National Congress

What does SACTU stand for?

South African congress of Trade Unions

What does SAIC stand for?

South African Indian Congress

What does SACPO stand for?

South African Coloured People’s organisation

What does SACOD stand for?

South African Congress of democrats

What is the name of the white lawyer that defended anti-apartheid coloured people?

Bram Fischer

When was the Defiance campaign?

1952

Who were the new leaders of the ANC

Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Walter Sisulu

When was the “new era” of leaders in the ANC?

1948

What were the main difference between the “old era” of the ANC and the “new era”?

The old era focused on petitions, the new era focused on civil disobedience

What was the first campaign centred on civil disobedience?

The Defiance Campaign

When was the Defiance Campaign?

1952

What two acts of rebellion took place during the Defiance Campaign of 1952?

Protesters burnt their passbooks and stormed “white-only” areas.

How many people were arrested during the Defiance Campaign?

8500

Which law was used to arrest people during the Defiance Campaign.

The Suppression of Communism Act

How many protesters were killed by police during the defiance campaign?

14

Which law was passed due to the Defiance Campaign?

The Public Safety act

What did the UN call the Defiance Campaign?

A threat to peace

When was the freedom charter passed?

1955

How many volunteers took part in the creation of the freedom charter?

50 000

What were the ANC volunteers collecting in order to create the freedom charter?

freedom demands

What was the aim of the freedom charter?

To highlight how apartheid negatively effects each group

What were all the freedom demands drawn up into?

The freedom charter

Give two reasons why the freedom charter was controversial?

Too accommodating to white people

Too communist

Define Intentionalist

believes the actions of individuals drive history

Define Structuralist

believe individuals derive from the circumstances that were historically created.

What is the name of the group which support the freedom charter?

The congress of the People

Where was the freedom charter most famously read out?

Kliptown

How many people attended the reading of the freedom charter at Kliptown?

7000

How many leaders of the congress alliance were arrested during a raid?

156

When were 156 congress alliance leaders put on trial for treason?

1956

Name 3 famous leaders that were put trial for treason in 1956?

Mandela, Luthuli, and Tambo

Who was the lead defence lawyer defending the 156 congress alliance leaders put on trial?

Bram Fischer

What are the 3 main values the ANC believe in?

1. Cooperation with other groups: Integration

2. Civil Disobedience

3. Passive resistance

What did the PAC stand for?

Pan African Congress

What are the 3 main values the PAC believe in?

1. Independence from other groups

2. Black nationalism

3. Cooperation with other African countries

What is the name of the white women organisation against apartheid?

The Black sash movement

Why were the women wearing a black sash?

Mourning the death of democracy

When was the Sharpeville Massacre?

1960

What did the Sharpeville murder start off as?

A demonstration against pass books

How many people marched against the pass laws during the Sharpeville massacre?

20 000

Who organised the march that lead to the Sharpeville massacre?

The PAC

How did the white people excuse the Sharpeville massacre?

they said is was a miscommunication

What group did the ANC split into, to which Mandela was the leader of?

The MK, Umkhonto Sizwe

What does Umkhonto Sizwe mean?

Spear of the Nation

What did the PAC split into, to which Leballo was the leader?

POQO

What does POQO mean?

Pure

What kind of violence did the MK believe in?

Violence against properties

What was the aim of the violence against properties the MK believed in?

To undermine the foundation of the State

What kind of violence did the POQO believe in?

Violence against people

What was the aim of the violence against people that the POQO believed in?

undermine the leadership of the state

How long is the sentence for an African who striked?

3 years

When was Mandela’s first TV interview?

1961

What did Mandela say on the MK leaflet about Leballo’s ways of work?

“Leballo way is useless, worse than useless” “Leballo incites our bravest men to rushed unarmed into the guns of Verwoerd”

What does Mandela say, in the MK leaflet, must be done to combat the white state?

“We destroy the forces that make the white state powerful” “we must break the instruments of oppression.”

What does Mandela say, in the MK leaflet, white people have which makes them so hard to thwart?

“White people have the monopoly of violence”

Fill in the gaps

1. (1) such continued and total disregard by the government of the Union of South Africa and furthermore its determined aggravation of (2) by more (3) and measures and their enforcement, accompanied by violence and bloodshed.

1. Deplores

2. Racial Issues

3. Discriminatory Laws

Fill in the gaps

2. (1) policies based on (2) and reprehensible and repugnant to (3)

1. Deprecates

2. Racial discrimination

3. Human dignity

Fill in the gaps

3. (1) all States to consider taking such (2) as is open to them, in conformity with the (3) to bring about the abandonment of these policies

1. Requests

2. separate and collective action

3. Charter of the United Nations

Fill in the gaps

4. (1) that the racial policies being pursued by the Government of the Union of South Africa are a (2) of the Charter of the United Nations and the (3) and are inconsistent with the obligations of a (4)

1. Affirms

2. Flagrant violation

3. Universal Declaration of Human Right

4. Member State

Fill in the gaps

5. (1) that these polices have led to (2) and that their continuance endangers (3)

1. Notes with grave concern

2. international friction

3. international peace and serenity

When was the Rivonia Trial?

1963

How many people were arrested for the Rivonia Trial?

10 leading members of the ANC

How many, and what were the charges against the leading members of the ANC at the Rivonia Trial?

221 counts of Sabotage

After how many years of non-violence did Mandela say black people were forced to turn to violence?

50

According to Mandela, what did 50 years of non-violence accomplish?

Nothing but more anti-black legislation

Who was the leader of the Anti-Apartheid movement in the UK?

Lady Barbara Castle

What is the name of the judge at the Rivonia Trial?

Quartus de Wet

What was the penalty for the 10 leaders of the ANC if they were found guilty?

The death penalty

How many votes were their against the killing of political prisoners in (due to the Rivonia trial) at the National Assembly?

106 to 1 (South Africa)

What did the UN threaten South Africa with if they were to kill Mandela and the other ANC leaders at the Rivonia trial?

Economic Sanctions

Who led the ANC

Luthuli

Who led the PAC

Robert Sobukwe

Who led the MK

Nelson Mandela

Who led Poqo

Potlako Leballo