Pulmonology

upper respiratory infection (URI)

head cold

bacterial/viral infection of respiratory tract

abnormal breathe sounds (BS)

abnormal breathing that can indicate lung disease

• crackles/rales: fluid/infection in alveoli

  • wheezes: high pitched whistling

cough

forcefully expel stuff from lungs

• expectoration: phlegm

• hemoptysis: blood

legionnaire’s diease

severe bacterial infection

starts as flu to pneumonia to liver/kidney damage

influenza

flu

viral respiratory infection

tuberculosis (TB)

contagious bacterial lung disease that causes nodules in tubercules

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

severe contagious viral diseases that can be fatal

ex. COVID

pneumonia

infection of lobes of the lungs - fluid and microorganisms fill passages

aspiro

to breathe in

pneumo

lung, air

empyema

localized pus in lung - bacterial infectionpyo

pyo

pus

pulmonary edema

build up of fluid in alveoli - inflammation

pulmonary embolism

traveling clot/fat lodged in lung - blocks blood flow

embolus originates from veins and travels to heart to lung, alveoli collapse

embollo

occluding plug

reactive airway disease

blanket term condition with reversible airway narrowing

asthma

hyperactivity of bronchi/bronchioles

bronchiectasis

permanent enlargement in bronchioles - secretions accumulatec

bronchi

bronchus

ectasis

condition of dialation

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

any obstructive lung disease

chronic inflammation, severe coughing, SOB

alveolar hyperinflammation - barrel chest

cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited condition - problems with respiratory, digestive, and sweat secretions

mucus secreted too thick - block alveoli

frequent lung infection and clubbing

occupational lung disease

group of diseases from constant exposure to inhaled particles in workplace

lung cancer

tar deposits in lung

pneumothorax

air in pleural space (a fluid-filled space) - lung collapse

from penetrating trauma

thorax

chest

hemothorax

blood in thoracic cavity

pleural effusion

excess fluid in pleural space caused by inflammation/infection

pleurisy (pleuritis)

Inflammation of pleura membrane

apnea

absence of respiration due to respiratory failure

sleep apnea: stop breathing when sleeping

dysphea

abnormal/painful breathing

bradypnea

abnormal slow breathing

from brain damage/chemical imbalance in blood

tachypnea

abnormal fast breathing

from lung disease

orthopnea

abnormal fast breathing when lying down

have to sleep upright

hypercapnia

high level of CO2 in blood

makes blood acidic

capno

CO2

hypoxemia

low level of O2 in blood

arterial blood gas (ABG) test

measure O2 and CO2 levels of arterial blood

carboxyhemoglobin test

blood test to measure CO in blood

when exposed to fire

oximetry

noninvasive test (light waves show blood) to look at O2 saturation of blood

pulmonary function test (PFT)

breathing test to measure volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled/exhaled

sleep study

test to determine sleep apnea

sensors measure breathing and O2 level

sputum C&S

test to identify bacterium in lung infection

TB test

needle under skin to test if someone has TB

lung scan

radioactive inhaled air shows poor gas uptake

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

mouth-to-mouth (air into lungs)

chest compression (get blood through heart)

auscultation and percussion (A&P)

stethoscope and tapping to examine breathe sounds

chest percussion therapy

procedure to loosen mucus

treats CF

incentive spirometry

deep breathing into measuring device post-surgery

nebulizer treatment

inhale aerosolized meds for deep inhalation

endotracheal intubation

tube into mouth through vocal cords into trachea to provide air

oxygen therapy

additional O2 to patient with lung disease

antitussives

drug to suppress cough center in brain (for non-productive cough)

tusso

cough

bronchodilators

drugs to relax smooth muscle around bronchi to dilate bronchi - gets more O2

steroids

drugs to alleviate inflammation in lungs

metered dose inhaler (MDI)

aerosolized drugs to breath in

expectorants

drugs to decrease thickness of mucus - cough it up

smoking cessation drugs

drugs to bind to nicotine receptors to lower dose of nicotine

bronchoscopy

bronchoscope from mouth to larynx for examination

chest tube insertion

plastic tube into thoracic cavity to remove air, fluid, or blood

lung resection

surgery to remove all/part of lung

cancer biopsy or emphysema treatment

thoracentesis

needle in thoracic cavity to remove fluid

thoracotomy

incision in thoracic cavity

1st step in thorax/lung procedure

tracheostomy

opening in trachea to put in plastic tube for temporary/permanent breathing