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aversion therapies
Includes counterconditioning techniques that associate an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) as well as operant techniques designed to discourage unhelpful behaviors
client-centered/person-centered therapy
A non-directive form of talk therapy where a client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process while the therapist remains non-directive—they don't pass judgment on one's feelings or offer suggestions or solutions
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Deinstitutionalization
the process, begun in the late 20th century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities
dialectical behavior therapy
a flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. It establishes a "dialectic" between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other.
psychotropic medication
Drugs such as antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications which interact with specific neurotransmitters in the CNS to address possible causes of psychological disorders; also known as psychoactive medications
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by albert ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongus, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
antisocial personality disorder
Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist - usually men
anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
ataque de nervios
A culture-bound syndrome found among Latinos, characterized by shaking, uncontrollable shouting or crying, a sense of rising heat, loss of control, and verbal or physical aggression, followed by fainting or seizurelike episodes. Symptoms often occur following a stressful event related to the family, and most individuals quickly return to their previous level of functioning.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
avoidant personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by (a) hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism, (b) a desire for uncritical acceptance, (c) social withdrawal in spite of a desire for affection and acceptance, and (d) low self-esteem.
bipolar disorders
A category of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
borderline personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures.
bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by compensatory behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
compulsion
An uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly to reduce anxious thoughts.
delusion
False beliefs that may accompany psychotic disorders.
dependent personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.
major depressive disorder
a serious depressive disorder that can affect how people feel, think, and function in their daily lives. It's characterized by a depressed mood or loss of interest in activities that lasts for at least two weeks and interferes with daily activities.
diathesis-stress model
A diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
dissociative disorders
A category of disorders in which one's conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
dissociative identity disorder
A rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
fugue
Sudden and purposeful need for travel; can sometimes occur in those experiencing dissociative amnesia
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
histrionic personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
hoarding disorder
Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value
major depressive disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks of significantly low moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
mania
a period of elevated or expansive mood that appears in bipolar disorders; severe episodes are referred to as manic episodes; those that are less severe and of shorter duration are called hypomanic episodes
narcissistic personality disorder
Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions to reduce anxiety.
paranoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness and distrust of others (e.g, expectation of trickery or harm, overconcern with hidden motives and meanings), hypersensitivity (e.g., being easily slighted or offended) and restricted affectivity (e.g, emotional coldness, no sense of humor).
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
schizoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by long-term emotional coldness, absence of tender feelings for others, lack of desire for and enjoyment of close relationships, and indifference to praise or criticism and to the feelings of others.
schizophrenic spectrum disorders
A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
schizotypal personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by various oddities of thought, perception, speech, and behavior that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia; this disorder is listed both in the personality disorders section of the DSM and in the schizophrenia spectrum disorders category
taijin kyofusho
a culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese people; sufferers fear that people are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing
positive psychology
seeks to identify factors that lead to well-being, resilience, positive emotions, and psychological health
