chapter 13

what is meant by the terms ‘catabolism’ and ‘anabolism’

catabolism; a set of metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules such as carbohydrates into smaller units such as glucose, releasing energy in the form of ATP

Anabolism; a set of metabolic reactions that build up complex molecules such as proteins from its monomers, amino acids, using ATP in the process

what does the term catabolic and anabolic reactions refer to?

Catabolic; metabolic reactions that break down large macromolecules into smaller molecules releasing ATP in the process

Anabolic; metabolic reactions that use energy often produced from catabolic reactions to build up larger biomolecules

what is meant by the term biomolecules

organic molecules that an organism naturally produces and is important to sustain life

what is meant by the term, metabolism?

A sum of all chemical reactions that occur inside an organism, and includes anabolic and catabolic reactions.

define the term macromolecules

large complex molecules that are made of smaller repeating units called monomers

how is compartmentalization created in eukaryotic cells?

via internal membranes

there are two mechanism that are required for the compartmentalization of cells and keep these compartments are functioning properly, what are these two processes and what do they do?

• Anabolic processes of metabolism; creates new biological macromolecules and distributes them. These macromolecules are tagged and sent to different parts of the cell

• cellular division; which creates and maintains the different compartments of the cells with different enzymes and metabolites

what is meant by the term metabolite

a small molecule produced or used by metabolism with various functions and effects

how is cellular division involved in the creation and maintenance of compartments in cells?

Right before cell division all the organelles are duplicated so that when a cell divides the two new cells have a full set of functional compartments and organelles that already have the enzymes and structures needed to continue their function within the cell.

what is the benefits to compartmentalization?

The reactions of catabolism and anabolism are able to run simultaneously without interfering with the other.

It allows multiple reactions to run simultaneously without one disrupting the other, allowing for efficiency

what is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (basic)

• lipid production

• detoxification

what is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

protein production particularly for exportation outside of the cell

what is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?

protein modification and exportation

what is the purpose of lysosomes and peroxisomes (basic)

peroxisome - lipid destruction, it contains oxidative enzymes

Lysosome - protein destruction

do bacteria contain nuclei?

No

what is the nuclear membrane and what does it do?

The nuclear membrane is composed of two lipid bilayers, an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. It surrounds the nucleus and separates the cell’s genetic material from the rest of the cell.

what is the purpose of the nucleus? (basic)

controls and regulates activities of the cell (e.g. growth and metabolism), and carries the genes

what is the nucleoplasm?

gel-like matrix in which the nuclear components are suspended in

what are nucleoli? (nucleolus singlular)

dense round structures found in the nucleus, they make rRNA and combines this rRNA with proteins to form ribosome subunits., which are then exported into the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores where they combine to form a ribosome.

is the nucleolus surrounded by a membrane?

no

what does the nucleolus contains?

the nucleolus contains RNA, proteins and is associated with some DNA