Phases of Group Development

Group phases:

represent distinct periods or stages in the process of group development

Planning phase:

the group leader will identify these attributes: name of the group, objectives of the group, types of individuals for inclusion, group schedule, physical setting, seating configuration, description of the leader and member responsibilities, methods of evaluating outcomes

Heterogenous group:

group that has a range of differences among members

Homogenous group:

group in which members share central traits

Closed group:

group in which membership is restricted; no new members are added even when others leave

Open group:

group in which new members are added as others leave

Subgroup:

dyads or small groups within a larger group

Orientation phase:

the group is forming

What is the role of the group leader during the orientation phase?

active in structuring an atmosphere of respect, confidentiality, and trust; introduces themselves during the first meeting, and members are encouraged to get to know each thru introduction

How can the leader support therapeutic interaction btwn members during the orientation phase?

when the leader points out similarities among members, encourages them to talk directly to one another, and reminds members of the ground rules for respectful, meaningful interactions

What is the leaders role during the working phase?

facilitates communication, the flow of group processes, and group conduct; encourages members to focus on problem solving consistent w the purpose of the group

Tuckman’s (1965) seminal work on group stages:

describes steps within the working phase

Tuckman’s steps during the working phase:

storming, norming, and performing

Storming:

disagreements, attempt at dominance, and personality clashes that are addressed in order for the work of the group to be done; authority and legitimacy of the leader may be questioned

Norming:

when personality clashes and disagreements are resolved and a spirit of cooperation emerges, members settle into their respective roles

Performing:

groups have established norms and roles, group members focus on achieving goals

What is the role of the leader during the termination phase?

ensures that each member summarizes personal accomplishments, shares new insights, and identifies future goals; encourages members to provide positive and negative feedback

Evaluation and follow-up:

these are fundamental aspects of a therapeutic group