Winners and Losers from the First Industrial Age, Patents, Scientific Management, American System of Manufacturing, and Ford's Mass Production

Industrial Revolution

Shift to machine production, factory system, new methods of communication and transportation

Textile mills

Factories for mass production of cotton textiles

Coal, iron, steam engines, railroads

Mass production of key resources and transportation methods

Norfolk system

Agricultural system leading to surplus production

Closure of common lands

Disadvantage for farmers due to loss of access to shared resources

Renewable to non-renewable energy

Shift from wood to coal and oil as primary energy sources

Steam engine

Invention that revolutionized transportation and power generation

Factory system

Standardized and centralized production using machines and wage labor

Global markets

Expansion of trade to support industrial production

Capital accumulation

Growth of wealth through colonial trading practices and development of private banks

Open markets and free trade

Shift from mercantilism to liberal economic policies

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Influential book promoting free market principles

Frederick Engels and Karl Marx

Critics of industrial capitalism and proponents of class warfare

Technological innovations

Advancements without relying on scientific knowledge

Crafting and tinkering

Recognizing the importance of hands-on experimentation

John Smeaton, James Watt, Richard Trevithick

Contributors to the development of the steam engine

Characteristics of the first industrial revolution

Mass production, low-quality goods, meager worker wages, gradual shift toward industrialization

Linguistic transformations

Introduction of language associated with industry, social classes, and culture

Distinctive associations

Industry, class, and culture embodying societal ways of life

Centers of industrialization

Urban centers like London, Manchester, and Sheffield as symbols of the Industrial Era

Patent

Official document granting exclusive rights to make, use, or sell specific information

Advantages of patents

Incentives for inventions, investments, and further research

Disadvantages of patents

Limiting competition, causing legal disputes

Patent pooling

Collaborative use of patents to eliminate competition

Germany's dominance in chemical industries

German product patents preventing others from producing the same goods

Scientific management

Application of scientific principles to workplace organization

Frederick Taylor

Author of principles of scientific management

Debate 1: Introduction of scientific management

Control labor force, response to labor problems, technological preconditions

Debate 2: Impact of scientific management

Orthodox perspective, revisionist perspective, short-term and long-term impact

American system of manufacturing (ASM)

Use of specialized machinery, continuous flow of production, standardized and interchangeable parts

History of interchangeable parts

Concept originated in Europe, Eli Whitney's role in the US

Ford Motor Company and mass production

Combining ASM and assembly line for efficient and affordable car production