Tudor and Stuart Explorers and Their Impact

Christopher Columbus

Sailed for Spain in 1492, seeking new trade routes.

John Cabot

Explored Canada for England in 1496, found no riches.

John Hawkins

Financed slave-trading voyages, knighted in 1588.

Privateers

Authorized pirates attacking foreign ships for profit.

Roanoke

Failed British colony attempt in the Americas.

Cash crops

Profitable crops like sugar, cotton, and tobacco.

Indentured servants

Workers contracted for a set period to pay for voyage.

Royal Navy

Established anti-piracy measures to protect trade.

Plantations

Large farms growing cash crops for export.

Puritans

Sought religious freedom, emigrated to the Americas.

Economic motives

Desire for profit drove British emigration to the Americas.

Religious conflict

Groups fled Britain to escape persecution.

Slave trade

Profitable business capturing and selling West Africans.

Monarchs

Granted privateers permission to attack foreign vessels.

West Indies

Region where Columbus landed, part of the Americas.

Plantation owners

Used slaves instead of indentured servants for labor.

Profitability

Plantations became more profitable than piracy.

Disease

New diseases affected labor force on plantations.

Crop failure

Led to food shortages, decreasing plantation labor.

Economic growth

Trade in Americas funded British empire expansion.

1607

Year the first successful British colony was established.

Anti-piracy measures

Royal Navy actions to eliminate piracy in Americas.

Nassau

A safe haven for escaped slaves in the Bahamas.

Plantation Profitability

Purchasing slaves increased plantation profitability significantly.

Queen Elizabeth I

Sponsored businesses involved in the slave trade.

Economic Impact

Slave trade generated £60 million for Britain (1761-1808).

Coastal Town Growth

Towns like Bristol and Liverpool grew wealthy.

Abolition of Slavery

Slavery abolished in Britain by 1807; empire by 1833.

Protests Against Slavery

By 1700s, public began protesting against slavery.

Virginia Colony

Established in 1607, faced starvation and local attacks.

Tobacco Profits

Tobacco cultivation led to significant economic success.

Puritan Migration

80,000 Puritans migrated to America (1630-1641).

Mayflower

Ship that brought settlers to Massachusetts in 1620.

Democratic Principles

Settlers established society based on democratic ideals.

Sugar Plantations

Became lucrative, contributing to economic growth.

Native American Decline

Population dropped from 560,000 to 280,000 by 1700.

Disease Impact

Settlers introduced diseases like Smallpox to natives.

Navigation Acts

Colonists restricted to trade only with British ships.

Stamp Act

1765 tax imposed on paper products in colonies.

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest against tea tax; £11,000 worth dumped.

Colonial Taxation

High taxes imposed on goods like coffee and sugar.

American Revolution

Colonial desire for independence led to revolution.

Religious Persecution

Catholics and Puritans fled to America for freedom.

Tea Dumping

£11,000 worth of tea discarded in harbour.

First Congress

1774 meeting of 56 representatives against Britain.

Washington's Appointment

July 1775, Washington became leader of colonists' army.

Declaration of Independence

July 1776, Congress declared independence from Britain.

Battle of Yorktown

1781, Americans and French defeated British forces.

Treaty of Paris

Signed September 3, 1783, recognized American independence.

Canada's Self-Government

Gained self-government from Britain in 1867.

Britain's War Cost

Cost Britain £80 million and 30,000 soldiers.

USA's War Losses

Lost 25,000 men, impacting industry and economy.

USA's Development

Gained freedom to develop independently after war.

French Revolution

Began in 1789, influenced by American Revolution.

Australia's Penal Colony

Britain sent criminals to Australia as punishment.

Huguenots

French Protestants persecuted by Catholics, skilled craftsmen.

Bartholomew's Day Massacre

1572, 70,000 Huguenots killed in France.

Edict of Nantes

1598, granted Huguenots freedom to practice religion.

Huguenot Migration Impact

Established paper industry, supplied 70% of Britain's paper.

Louis XIV's Persecution

1685, Edict revoked, Huguenots faced renewed attacks.

Ulster Plantations

1600s, settlers encouraged to farm in Ulster.

Highland Clearances

1746, Highlanders evicted for sheep farming.

Jacobite Rebellions

Highlanders supported uprisings against British monarchy.

Emigration from Highlands

Many Highlanders emigrated due to evictions.

Cultural Suppression

Bagpipes banned during Highland Clearances.

Population Growth in Canada

Settlers sought better life, rapidly increased population.