US History Unit 3 Test

Second Middle Passage

The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade from 1808-1860.

Whigs

Political party in the United States during the early 19th century.

Cotton Gin

Invention by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton production.

"Kitchen Cabinet"

Informal group of advisers to President Andrew Jackson.

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods to protect domestic industries.

Domestic Slave Trade

The trade of enslaved people within the United States.

Treaty of Echota

Forced agreement leading to the Trail of Tears.

Erie Canal

A waterway connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

Manumission

The act of freeing enslaved individuals.

Steam Transportation

Revolutionary mode of transport powered by steam engines.

Plantations

Large agricultural estates that relied on slave labor.

Gang Labor System

Enslaved individuals working in groups under harsh conditions.

National Road

First major improved highway in the United States.

Market Revolution

Shift from subsistence to market-based economies.

Kinship

Social bonds based on family connections.

Putting Out System

Manufacturing system where tasks are distributed to individuals.

Christianity

Religious faith followed by many in the United States.

Resistance and Revolt

Actions taken by enslaved individuals against oppression.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

Slave Patrols

Groups tasked with enforcing discipline on enslaved populations.

Mills

Industrial facilities for manufacturing goods.

Yeoman

Independent small farmer in the Southern United States.

Textiles

Cloth or woven fabric.

Industrialization

Development of industries in a country or region.

Artisan

Skilled craft worker who makes items by hand.

Paternalistic

System where those in authority control aspects of others' lives.

American System of Manufacturing

Production method emphasizing interchangeable parts.

Suffrage

Right to vote in political elections.

"Free Labor"

Concept of working without coercion or enslavement.

Populism

Political approach appealing to the interests of ordinary people.

Middle Class

Socioeconomic group between the wealthy and working class.

Democrats

Political party supporting democracy and individual rights.

Family Structure

Organization and relationships within a family unit.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin.

Henry Clay

Key political figure known for the American System.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence and third U.S. President.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh President of the United States known for populism.

Nat Turner

Led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831.

Martin Van Buren

Eighth President of the United States and key political figure.

Harriet Tubman

Abolitionist who led many enslaved people to freedom.

John C. Calhoun

Vice President and advocate for states' rights.

James Monroe

Fifth President of the United States.

Daniel Webster

Prominent American statesman and orator.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth President of the United States and diplomat.

William Henry Harrison

Ninth President of the United States.

Ending of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Ban on the international slave trade in 1808.

Election of 1824

Controversial U.S. presidential election.

"Gordon Under Medical Inspection"

Incident highlighting the horrors of slavery.

Indian Relocation Act

Legislation leading to the forced relocation of Native Americans.

Nat Turner's Revolt

Slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native American tribes to Oklahoma.

Mexican Independence

Independence of Mexico from Spanish colonial rule.

Election of 1828

Presidential election won by Andrew Jackson.

Haiti's Independence

First successful slave revolt leading to independence.

Bank War

Political struggle over the U.S. banking system.

Nullification Crisis

Dispute over states' rights and federal authority.

Mississippi River

Major river in North America flowing into the Gulf of Mexico.

New Orleans

City in Louisiana known for its cultural diversity.

Market Revolution

Economic shift increasing urban population and labor demand.

Instant Cities

Cities rapidly developed along transportation routes.

Immigration Boom

Significant increase in immigrants by 1860, 11.2% total.

Potato Famine

1845-1849 disaster causing mass Irish emigration.

Irish Immigration

1.5 million Irish fled famine, seeking better lives.

German Immigration

Political unrest and poor economy drove Germans to America.

Catholic Immigrants

Many immigrants were Catholic, facing social discrimination.

Ethnic Enclaves

Areas where immigrants live among their ethnicity.

Community Support

Mutual assistance among immigrants in enclaves.

Common Language

Shared language aiding English learning for immigrants.

Social Networks

Connections formed within immigrant communities for support.

Preservation of Culture

Maintaining traditions and customs in immigrant communities.

German Immigration

Germans arrived with more capital than Irish immigrants.

New Ulm, MN

Example of a German immigrant community in the US.

Little Germanies

Communities established by German immigrants in America.

Chinese Immigration

Chinese came for Gold Rush and railroad jobs.

Chinatown, San Francisco

Oldest Chinese ethnic enclave in the United States.

Rapid growth

Significant increase in urban population density.

Industrialization

Shift from agrarian to manufacturing economies.

Wealth gap

Disparity in income distribution among populations.

Very poor families

70% of urban population living in poverty.

Middle class family

Families earning over $1000/year, 25% of population.

The very rich

3% of population holding significant wealth.

Urban Disease Spread

Poor sanitation led to widespread disease outbreaks.

Public Services

Many essential services were privately owned and costly.

Nativism

Blame placed on immigrants for urban issues.

Lack of Sanitation

No sewers or garbage collection worsened health risks.

Factory System

A production method using scheduled work hours.

Workers' Unions

Groups formed to advocate for labor rights.

Strikes

Workers' organized refusal to work for better wages.

Seneca Falls Convention

New York City 1848 - first convention for women's equality in legal rights - voting rights main topic of discussion