chem

your friend says "This data does not support my hypothesis." To which step of scientific inquiry does this statement belong?

Analyze

An important characteristic of an accepted scientific theory is that it

can be changed based on new data

The five traditional areas of study in chemistry include

organic chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry.

According to the kinetic theory of gases

Gas particles have insignificant volume

Standard temperature and pressure when working with gases are

273K and 1 atm

A phase diagram gives information on

conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and gas

What statement is not consistent with the results obtained in Rutherford's gold experiment

Electrons are contained within the nucleus of an atom

Elements differ from one another in their properties because they have different numbers of

protons and nuetrons

What are the 5 areas of study in chemistry

1. Inorganic

2. Organic

3. Biochemistry

4. Analytical

5. Physical

What are the 5 steps in scientific inquiry

1. ask questions

2. hypothesize and predict

3. test hypothesis

4. analyze results

5. draw conclusions

Does pressure increase or decrease with altitude?

decrease

What is evaporation?

vaporization that takes place only on the surface of a liquid

vapor pressure

the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid

What is boiling point?

The temperature at which the liquid is equal to the external pressure of the liquid

Amorphous solid

lack uniform, geometric arrangment

What are allotropes

Some solid substances can exist in more than one form

What is sublimation?

Direct change from solid to vapor without passing through liquid phase

What is deposition

The direct change from a gas to a solid

What are Nucleons

Subatomic particles located in the nucleus of an atom

What is strong nuclear force

Binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus

What are radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes whose nuclei undergo changes to become more stable

What is radioactive decay?

unstable nucleus releases energy/emits radiation

What are the 3 main types of radiation

alpha, beta, gamma

What does Alpha radiation Emit

helium

What does beta radiation Emit

Electron

What does gamma radiation emit

High-E photon (gamma ray)

What is a Positron

Positively charged anti-electron

What is transmutation

Conversion of an atom of one element into a atom of another element

What is fission

the splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments

What is a fission chain reaction

Fission produces neutrons causing other atoms to undergo fissions which in turn releases more neutrons, etc

What is fusion

when nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass

What is electron capture

Electron is the reactant on the left side of the arrow

What is carbon dating

Estimates ages using the ratio of carbon-12 vs carbon-14

What is the relative mass of a proton

Protons have a relative mass of 1

What is the relative mass of a Neutron

Neutron has a relative mass of 1

What is the relative mass of a electron

Electrons have a Insignificant mass

Who discovered the electron?

JJ Thomson in 1897

Who discovered the proton

Goldstein in 1866

Who discovered the neutron

Chadwick in 1932

Which subatomic particle make up the volume of the atom

electrons

Which subatomic particle are located in the nucleus of the atom

Protons and neutrons

What are all the steps of the scientific method?

State the problem, conduct research, create a hypothesis, conduct an experiment, analyze data, draw a conclusion

The average kinetic energy of molecules would be greatest at what temperature

100c

What is the kinetic theory of gasses

1. Gases are made of molecules that have tiny spheres with insignificant volume

2. Molecules are in constant, random motion. They have kinetic energy

3. Collisions are perfectly elastic. When molecules collide, they do not lose kinetic energy

A phase diagram gives you what information

A diagram that shows the T&P relationship among solid, liquid, and gas states. Shows the temperature and pressure at which substance exist at each state.

Which of the following has a definite volume, but indefinite shape

liquid

Which is the Dalton atomic theory

1. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.

2. Atoms of the same element are identical

3. Atoms of different elements can mix or combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds

4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged

As a result of the discovery of the nucleus by Rutherford, which model of the atom is thought to be true?

Electrons are distributed around the nucleus and occupy almost all the volume of the atom.

The nucleus of an atom is what

The central core and is composed of protons and neutrons

The atomic number of an element is the total number of which particles in the nucleus

Protons

An element has an atomic number of 76. The number of protons and electrons in the are

76 protons and 76 electrons

Isotopes of the same element have different

mass numbers

How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does an atom with atomic number 50 and mass number 125 contain?

50 protons, 50 electrons, and 75 neutrons

When an element decays by emitting alpha radiation, there is a decrease in the ......

the atomic mass

Which element is used in nuclear reactors to generate power

Uranium

A reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei is called

Fisson

A transmutation always involves

a change in the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom

What is the kinetic molecular theory?

Kinetic Molecular Theory states that as temperatures increases molecular movement increases.

Nucleans

Subatomic particles located in the nucleus of atoms

Strong nuclear force

Binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus

Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes whose nuclei undergo changes to become more stable

Radioactive decay

Unstable nucleus releases energy/emits radiation

Positron

Positively charged anti-electron

Transmutation

the conversion of an atom of one element into an atom of another element by changing the protons

Fission

The splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments/nuclei

Chain reaction

Fission produces neutrons causing other atoms to undergo fissions which in turn releases more neutrons

Fusion

when nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass

Fusion reactions

Releases much more energy

Carbon dating

Estimates ages using the ratio of carbon-12 vs carbon-14

Decay curves

Shows the rate of decay for \# Isotopes vs half life

What does Half-life measure

Half-life measures the rate of decay of a radioisotope

Compounds

Substances made of atoms 2+ elements chemically combined in fixed ratios.

Ionic bond

Strong electrostatic attraction between anion and cations

Salts

Ionic compounds formed through the transfer of electrons

metallic bonds

When many atoms of the same metal element share electrons

Properties of Metals

1. Conductive

2. Malleable

3. Ductile

Crystalline structures

Metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns.

alloys

Mixtures of 2 or more elements and at least 1 is a metal

Substitutional alloy

the atoms in the components are about the same size

Interstitial alloy

The atomic sizes are quite different

Diatomic molecule

two covalently bonded atoms

2 rules when writing formulas

1. The ionic compound must have a neutral charged

2. Metals always go first in a ionic compound

Define crystal structure

Rigid, brittle, uniform structures

When can electricity be conducted in an ionic bond?

An ionic compound can conduct electricity when dissolved in water or matter