Kin 372- Exam 1- Iowa State

open loop control

a type of system control in which instructions for the effector system are determined in advance and run off without feedback

Instructions contain all needed info for the movement

closed loop control system

a system of control in which, during the course of an action, feedback is compared against a standard or reference to enable an action to be carried out as planned-

FEEDBACK Between Movement and Movement Control center

motor control

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

motor equivalence

The ability of the motor control system to enable someone to ACHEIVE an action GOAL in various situations (Writing you signature with either hand)

motor learning

The acquisition of motor skills, I.e. Enhancement, reacquisition,

What is the good news regarding human movement?

We are versatile, but the resulting dilemma is controlling all of the degrees of freedom.

Discrete skill

A skill that has a clear beginning and end

continuous skill

a task in which the action is performed without any recognizable beginning or end

serial skill

A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement

open skill

a skill performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion and that requires performers to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment

Kahnemann's Theory

demonstration

target context

the environmental context in which people want to be able to perform a skill or skills. Where the person is going to use the skill.

Leavitt's study

Novice to Skilled players studied. The novices lowered their time to complete whilst the experts didnt lower their time at all. When people are learning skills get more automated. INDEPENDANT VAR-The different groups and tasks

Dependant-

Action observation framework- Why do we start by looking with the feet and then up?

Because that is where the movement starts. From the feet up. (Footwork in the volleyball instructional video)

Paramater

Things that you add so it is specific to the situation.

How to intervene with a novice to improve his spike?

Footwork and Body position need to be corrected first- then space-time pattern. Intervene with errors of coordination before errors of paramaters.

kinematic measures

displacement, velocity, acceleration

Kinetic Measures

the study of the role of force as a cause of motion

Expert demonstration

Shows you the correct space time pattern

Novice demonstration

Need someone giving novice information while demonstrating. This helps other novices to observe the learning process.

Inverted U Hypothesis

predicts that task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal - up to a point, after which further increases in arousal become disruptive and performance deteriorates

action effect hypothesis

the proposition that actions are best planned and controlled by their intended effects. When related to attention focus, this hypothesis proposes that the learning and performance of skills are optimized when the performer's attention is directed to the intended outcome of the action rather than on the movements themselves- FOCUS ON THE CLUBHEAD- Helps focus selective attention on one thing

augmented feedback

information about a performance that supplements sensory feedback and comes from a source external to the performer

Spatial Anchors

Something relative to the environment or the body

Spatial Imagery

Jump and touch the sky.

Kinetic Measures

the study of the role of force as a cause of motion-

kinematic measures

Displacement;

Velocity;

Acceleration;

Linear and angular motion

EMG tells us

Follows neural impulse and precedes contraction/tension development

EEG

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

Environmental Constraints

outside the body:properties of the world around us; global, not task specific; Physical (gravity, surfaces); Sociocultural (gender roles, cultural norms)

emotional constraints

outcome measures

are standardized instruments that measure an individuals actual or perceived activity limitations and participations restrictions and an individuals quality of life or health status.

Six main characteristics of motor learning

- Improvement

consistency

stability

persistance

adaptability

reduction of attention demand

Consolidation

the process by which memories become stable in the brain STM to LTM

active learning

learning by acting on the world, rather than passively observing objects and events

passive learning

learning in which little energy is devoted to thinking about or elaborating on information

procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

declaritive memory

memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed

trace decay

the gradual weakening of memories resulting from the mere passage of time

interface theory

proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material

retrieval theory

the belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories

warm up decrement

temporary worsening of performance that is brought on by the passage of time away from a task and that is eliminated quickly when the performer begins again

controlled processes

the most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal

autonomic processes

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities