Unit 6: Period 6: 1865–1898

Great Plains

In the ________, farming and ranching were the main forms of employment, aided by new farm machinery and mail- order retail.

Benjamin Harrison

________ and allies passed major legislation (meat inspection act, banning lotteries, battleships)

Municipal governments

________ were practically nonexistent, and services for the poor were provided by churches, private charities, and ethnic communities, or by corrupt political bosses.

Industrialization

________: introduction of faster machines in manufacturing leading to economies of scale and decreased cost per unit.

Wilson Gorman Tariff

________ considered one of the causes of the Spanish- American War.

Grover Cleveland

________ believed in minimal government intervention.

Maine

The explosion of American warship ________ in Havana harbor led to war with Spain.

Agricultural science

________ became a large industry in the US.

Booker T Washington

________: Born into slavery, no illusions of white society accepting Blacks as equals.

financial panics

Problems with Consolidation: required large amounts of money leading to ________ and bank failures, public resentment, and government response in the form of antitrust legislation.

ICC

________ was active until deregulated by Reagan administration in 1980s.

Ranchers

________ drove their herds across the western plains and deserts, disregarding property rights and Native American rights to the land.

Factories

________ were established in cities in the 19th century to reduce labor costs and maximize profits.

Lincoln

________ challenged America to have a Transcontinental Railroad connecting the country within a decade (1863- 1869)

Corporate Consolidation

________: large businesses resulting from economies of scale and lack of government regulations, leading to monopolies and holding companies.

William H Seward

________ set precedent for increased American participation in Western Hemisphere.

Oregon

The Nez Perce tribe in ________ was forced to migrate to a reservation in Idaho, leading to resistance by Chief Joseph.

Populist goals

________ gained popularity during the financial crisis of 1893- 1897.

Granger laws

________ regulated the railroads in the 1870s and 1880s.

depot towns

Rails transformed ________ into cities and facilitated faster travel, contact with ideas and technological advances from the East, and contributed to the Industrial Revolution.

Vertical Integration

________: one company buys out all the factors of production from raw materials to finished product, still allowing competition in the marketplace.

Homestead Act

The ________ and Morrill Land- Grant Act were passed by the federal government to attract settlers and develop the West.

William Boss

________ "Tweed of Tammany Hall in New York City was a notorious political boss who embezzled millions of dollars through corruption.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Set up the ________ (ICC) to regulate railroad activities.

Spain

________ ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.

South Dakota

Statehood of North Dakota, ________, Washington, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho was achieved by 1889.

Horizontal Integration

________: combining smaller companies within the same industry to form a larger company through legal buyouts or illegal practices.

Sherman Antitrust Act

________ of 1890: law forbidding "restraint of trade "combination, ambiguous wording leading to pro- business Supreme Court interpretation.

Fish Commission

________ was established to protect fish species, which led to the creation of National Parks and Forest Services.

Railroad construction

________ was paid for by the public but the rail proprietors resisted government control of their industry.

Hawaii economy

________ collapsed in 1890s due to U.S. tariffs and dependence on trade with U.S.

Industrialization

introduction of faster machines in manufacturing leading to economies of scale and decreased cost per unit

Assembly line production

employees performing repetitive tasks leading to increased efficiency but also dangerous working conditions and long working hours

Corporate Consolidation

large businesses resulting from economies of scale and lack of government regulations, leading to monopolies and holding companies

Horizontal Integration

combining smaller companies within the same industry to form a larger company through legal buyouts or illegal practices

Vertical Integration

one company buys out all the factors of production from raw materials to finished product, still allowing competition in the marketplace

Problems with Consolidation

required large amounts of money leading to financial panics and bank failures, public resentment, and government response in the form of antitrust legislation

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

law forbidding "restraint of trade" combination, ambiguous wording leading to pro-business Supreme Court interpretation

Gospel of Wealth

idea that wealth should be used for the betterment of society and not just for personal gain, advocated by Andrew Carnegie

1883

Court reversed Civil Rights Act of 1875

1896

Supreme Court ruled "separate but equal" facilities were legal

Booker T. Washington

Born into slavery, no illusions of white society accepting Blacks as equals

Foreign Policy

The Tariff and Imperialism

Arguments for annexation

Europe would conquer Philippines, U.S. moral obligation to "Christianize and civilize" Filipinos

Arguments against annexation

promote independence and democracy, U.S. no better than British tyrants they overthrew