Exam 1 Review

What is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal data?

Mode

What are the vulnerable groups classified by the IRB?

Elderly, cognitively impaired, pregnant women, unborn children, minors, deceased and prisoners

What does the IRB do?

Enforces ethical standards and protects human subjects

Experimental Designs

Include randomization, a control group, and an intervention

Quasi-Experimental Design

Has no randomization or control group

Independent Variable

The variable the is manipulated by an intervention

Dependent Variable

What the experiment is aiming to measure

Tuskegee Experiment

Intentionally infected black men with syphillis to study the effects on the body. Did not offer the cure to these men when it was available.

Nazi Medical Experiments

Inhumane and unethical experiments Nazi “scientists” performed on concentration camp prisoners

Beneficance

The principle to do no harm

Autonomy

The freedom to make choices, self-determination

Justice

Fair and equitable treatment

Informed Consent

When a legal adult makes decisions for themselves. All aspects of the experiment are explained so the subject can make an informed decision

Assent

For someone that is not capable of informed consent. Concepts are explained in simpler terms, and consent is still needed

Selection Bias

Researchers may make groups or pick subjects based on what they think will fit their hypothesis.

Maturation Bias

Common in longitudinal studies. Participants age out of the the research age range

Non-Experimental Design

Solely observation. No intervention is used and there is no manipulation of the independent variable

Hypothesis

Best educated guess on how a study will turn out

Meta Analysis

Quantative Data

Meta Synthesis

Qualitative Data

Florence Nightengale

Founder of modern nursing and the healing environment, Introduced the use of statistics in nursing

External Validity 

The ability to take findings of a study and apply them to other populations

Internal Validity

Knowing that you measured what you set out to measure

What is the highest level of evidence?

Meta analysis

What is the second highest level of evidence

Randomized Control

What is the third highest level of evidence

Quasi Experimental

What is the fourth highest level of evidence?

Non-Experimental

What is the fifth highest level of evidence?

Meta Synthesis

What is the sixth highest level of evidence?

Qualitative Studies

What is the lowest level of evidence?

Expert Opinion

What is a pneumonic to help remember the levels of evidence?

My Reliable Quirky Nurse Makes Quality Espresso