The Cell Cycle - AP Bio Ch. 12

Up to date as of 10/3/23 notes

* What are somatic cells?

Body cells

What is the prerequisite step to mitosis?

DNA must duplicate first

* Where are sister chromatids connected?

at the Centromere

what are these

chromosomes

Fill in the blank

Centromere

Fill in the blank

Chromatid

Fill in the blankz

Chromatin

DNA

Fill in the blank

Chromosome

Fill in the blank

Kinetochore

Fill in the blank

Spindles

* What happens during S of interphase?

DNA synthesis- chromosome replicationW

What is mitosis?

Division of the nucleus

What is cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

What is binary fission?

The division of a prokaryotic cell in half

What is the entire process of binary fission?

1. DNA is duplicated

2. Cell elongates and splits in half

the end

* What are checkpoints?

A point in the cell cycle where certain conditions are “looked for” by molecules

What is the most important checkpoint?

G1

What stage is where cells go if they do not pass a checkpoint and are not preparing to divide?

G0 stage

What is the G0 stage

A stage where cells go if they do not pass a checkpoint and where they are not preparing to divide

**What two molecules drive the checkpoint system?

1. Kinases

2. Cyclin

**What are kinases? What is their concentration?

Kinases are enzymes with a constant concentration in a cell

**What is the family member of the kinase family?

CDK: cyclin dependent kinase

**What is cyclin? What is its concentration?

A protein that attaches to kinase; its concentration fluctuates/cycles

*What is it called when CDK and cyclin attach to each other?

Maturation promoting factors (MPFs)W

*What are maturation promoting factors (MPFs)?

The name of the molecule when CDK and cyclin attach to each other. they serve as one-time use “keys” to unlock checkpoints.

What would happen if there was not enough cyclin to attach to the CDK?

The CDK would just wait until it has cyclin

What is the process of a checkpoint “unlocking”

1. Cyclin is accumulated and bumps into CDK by chance

2. Cyclin + CDK attach and become MPF

3. Cyclin begins to degrade immediately after the checkpoint and comes apart from the CDK

   1. Repeat :)

***When will there be the highest concentration of cyclin X?

At checkpoint X

Cyclin is like a ______. Once it is used, it ________ be used again.

Coupon; cannot

How important is cyclin degrading?

Super

Cyclin + _____ = MPF

CDK

______ + CDK = MPF

Cyclin

Cyclin + CDK = ______

Can a hypothetical MPF A open checkpoint B?

No

What does CDK stand for

Cyclin dependent kinase

What builds cyclin

Ribosomes

What is the centromere?

The region where chromatids are attached to eachother

What is a chromatid?

A replicated chromosome

How many centromeres are there if there are 40 chromatids in a cell?

20 centromeres

True or false: Mitosis produces new nuclei w/ exactly the same chromosomal endowment as the parent nucleus?

True

True or false: The mitotic spindles in prokaryotic cells are composed of microtubules.

False!!

This is a trick question!! Prokaryotes do not have spindles!!