Fluids and Electrolytes PT2 (EXAM 1)

What are ways to measure fluid output?

urine, emesis, feces, blood loss from surgery, ostomies, drains and wounds

What is the average that someone is going to urinate each hour?

30 mL/hr

What is also measured through the category of emesis that is actually via a tube?

nasogastric tube output

How do you measure fluid output for feces?

count and/or measure all stools

What are two ways in which drains are measured for fluid output?

hemovac drain for wounds and JP drain

How do wounds get measured for fluid output?

the wounds get weighed

What are the two ways in which fluid imbalance happens?

b) both a and d

What are the two types of fluid imbalances?

hypovolemia and hypervolemia

What is hypervolemia?

excess intake of fluids, abnormal retention of fluids, or interstitial-to-plasma fluid shift

What is hypovolemia?

abnormal loss of body fluids, inadequate fluid intake, or plasma or interstitial fluid shift

What are some clinical manifestations of hypovolemia?

d) all of the above

What would be the serum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels be for someone with hypervolemia?

decrease, due to there being excess fluid

What would be the serum Protein (albumin) level be for someone with hypervolemia?

decreased due to dilution from excess fluid volume

What would be the urine specific gravity level be for someone with hypervolemia?

decreased due to the dilation from excess fluid volume

What is the general normal range for sodium for lab values?

135-145 mEq/L

What is the general range for potassium for lab values?

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

What is the general range for magnesium for lab values?

1.8-3.0 mg/dL

What is the general range for calcium for lab values?

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

What is the general range of phosphate for lab values?

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

What is the general range of chloride for lab values?

98-106 mEq/L

What is the general range of bicarbonate for lab values?

24-31 mEq/L

When you think of the electrolyte sodium which body system is associated with it?

neuro

Sodium imbalances are usually caused by?

changes in osmolarity

What are four major roles in sodium?

all of the above

When you think of the electrolytes potassium which body system is associated with it?

heart (cardiac system)

What are the importances of potassium for the body?

all of the above

What are sources of potassium?

stored blood, protein-rich foods, fruits and veggies, potassium medication (PO or IV)

When thinking of the electrolyte magnesium what body system is associated with it?

neuromuscular

What are the functions of magnesium for the body?

normal cardiac function, blood glucose control, BP regulation, ATP production, cofactor in enzyme for metabolism of carbs

Where is magnesium absorbed and excreted? (Think: organs)

absorbed = GI tract

excreted = by kidneys

When thinking of the electrolyte calcium what body system is associated with it?

muscle

What are the functions of calcium?

formation of teeth and bone, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial contractions, muscle contractions

What protein carries 50% of the body’s calcium?

albumin

What happens when there’s an increase in pH with albumin and calcium?

albumin can no longer bind to calcium

What vitamin is needed to absorb calcium?

vitamin D

Where is calcium found in the body?

bones and plasma

What are the two ways that calcium is balanced?

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

How does the parathyroid hormone balance calcium?

increases bone resorption, GI absorption, and renal tubule reabsorption of calcium

How does calcitonin balance calcium?

increases calcium deposition into bone, increases renal calcium excretion, and decreases GI absorption

What hormone controls the phosphate serum levels?

parathyroid hormone

What maintenace needs to happen for phosphate?

adequate renal functioning

What other electrolyte has a reciprocal relationship with phosphate?

calcium