Unit 1 - Scientific Processes

The Nature of Chemistry

• Science vs Pseudoscience
    * Science
      * Systematic
        * Scientific process
      * Collect information & ideas
      * Based of facts
      * Used to explain natural phenomenon
      * Constantly updated
    * Pseudoscience
      * Beliefs are used to support explanations
        * Is subjective
      * No facts or evidence that support the explanations
      * Lack of scientific process
    * Differentiating Questions
      * Does evidence exist to support the claim?
      * Was a scientific process used to collect evidence?
      * Is the claim based on objective or subjective proof?
• Reliability of Information
    * Information is reliable if:
      * Complete (non-altered) data set
      * No bias in the data collection
• The Importance of Chemistry
    * Chemistry - The study of substances that make up the world & the changes they undergo
    * All other sciences are based on chemistry
      * Used to make pretty much every piece of tech
    * Negative effects of chemistry
      * Environmental damages i.e pollution

Scientific Methods

• Scientific Inquiry - Using observations / experiments to learn about natural processes
    * Observe → Question → Hypothesize → Experiment → Summarize
• Adding Salt to Water Experiment
    * More salt = Higher boiling temperature
• Assignment:
    * https://quizlet.com/420075002/scientific-methodsassignment-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=b8bf8a2c-a2a4-475e-b70d-e728bb71f0e3

Hypothesis, Laws, and Theories

• Hypothesis - Testable explanation of a scientific problem based on research & observations
• Laws - A description of a naturally occurring event
• Theories - Well supported, widely accepted explanation for many observations
• Assignment:
    * https://quizlet.com/420072649/hypotheses-theories-and-lawsassignment-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=a1cd7c17-75b2-4679-b62a-548441100baf
• Quiz:
    * https://quizlet.com/420073822/hypotheses-theories-and-lawsquiz-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=afc410dc-84ca-4d37-957c-2796d0c05ac2

Tools, Technology, and Measurement

• Tools
    * Measuring Length
      * Ruler / Micrometer / Meter Stick
      * Tape Measure
      * Dial Caliper
    * Mass
      * Electronic Balance
      * Triple Beam Balance
    * Volume
      * Solids
        * Regular
          * Measure dimensions → use math
        * Irregular
          * Water displacement
      * Liquids
        * Graduated Cylinder
        * Pipette
        * Beaker
      * Gas
        * Manometer (pressure + volume)
    * Temperature
      * Thermometer
    * Time
      * Digital stopwatch
• Technology
    * Probeware - Sensors or other electronic devices that collect data
• The Metric System
    * International System of Units (SI Units)
• Assignment:
    * https://quizlet.com/420079587/tools-technology-and-measurementassignment-flash-cards/
• Quiz:
    * https://quizlet.com/420081400/tools-technology-and-measurementquiz-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=9e3f6909-8593-40b1-9635-8441fa49797e

Safety in Science

• Common sense

Using Math to Analyze Data

• Accuracy - How close the measurements are to the actual value
• Precision - How close the measurements are to each other
    * Based on graduation marks
    * Precision = smallest graduation mark
    * Estimate the last digit
    * Percent Error
      * | (Experimental Value - Accepted Value) / Accepted Value | * 100
• Graphs
    * Bar Graph
      * Display information for a group of categories
    * Line Graph
      * Show change i.e over time
    * Scatter Plot
      * Two variables that relate but are not necessarily independent/dependent
    * Histogram
      * Representation of frequency

Evaluating Scientific Explanations

• Use common sense…