Unit 1 - Scientific Processes
The Nature of Chemistry
- Science vs Pseudoscience
- Science
- Systematic
- Collect information & ideas
- Based of facts
- Used to explain natural phenomenon
- Constantly updated
- Pseudoscience
- Beliefs are used to support explanations
- No facts or evidence that support the explanations
- Lack of scientific process
- Differentiating Questions
- Does evidence exist to support the claim?
- Was a scientific process used to collect evidence?
- Is the claim based on objective or subjective proof?
- Reliability of Information
- Information is reliable if:
- Complete (non-altered) data set
- No bias in the data collection
- The Importance of Chemistry
- Chemistry - The study of substances that make up the world & the changes they undergo
- All other sciences are based on chemistry
- Used to make pretty much every piece of tech
- Negative effects of chemistry
- Environmental damages i.e pollution
Scientific Methods
- Scientific Inquiry - Using observations / experiments to learn about natural processes
- Observe → Question → Hypothesize → Experiment → Summarize
- Adding Salt to Water Experiment
- More salt = Higher boiling temperature
- Assignment:
Hypothesis, Laws, and Theories
- Hypothesis - Testable explanation of a scientific problem based on research & observations
- Laws - A description of a naturally occurring event
- Theories - Well supported, widely accepted explanation for many observations
- Assignment:
- Quiz:
- Tools
- Measuring Length
- Ruler / Micrometer / Meter Stick
- Tape Measure
- Dial Caliper
- Mass
- Electronic Balance
- Triple Beam Balance
- Volume
- Solids
- Regular
- Measure dimensions → use math
- Irregular
- Water displacement
- Liquids
- Graduated Cylinder
- Pipette
- Beaker
- Gas
- Manometer (pressure + volume)
- Temperature
- Thermometer
- Time
- Digital stopwatch
- Technology
- Probeware - Sensors or other electronic devices that collect data
- The Metric System
- International System of Units (SI Units)
- Assignment:
- Quiz:
Safety in Science
Using Math to Analyze Data
- Accuracy - How close the measurements are to the actual value
- Precision - How close the measurements are to each other
- Based on graduation marks
- Precision = smallest graduation mark
- Estimate the last digit
- Percent Error
- | (Experimental Value - Accepted Value) / Accepted Value | * 100
- Graphs
- Bar Graph
- Display information for a group of categories
- Line Graph
- Show change i.e over time
- Scatter Plot
- Two variables that relate but are not necessarily independent/dependent
- Histogram
- Representation of frequency
Evaluating Scientific Explanations