Unit 1 - Scientific Processes

The Nature of Chemistry

• Science vs Pseudoscience

  • Science

    • Systematic

      • Scientific process

    • Collect information & ideas

    • Based of facts

    • Used to explain natural phenomenon

    • Constantly updated

  • Pseudoscience

    • Beliefs are used to support explanations

      • Is subjective

    • No facts or evidence that support the explanations

    • Lack of scientific process

  • Differentiating Questions

    • Does evidence exist to support the claim?

    • Was a scientific process used to collect evidence?

    • Is the claim based on objective or subjective proof?

• Reliability of Information

  • Information is reliable if:

    • Complete (non-altered) data set

    • No bias in the data collection

• The Importance of Chemistry

  • Chemistry - The study of substances that make up the world & the changes they undergo

  • All other sciences are based on chemistry

    • Used to make pretty much every piece of tech

  • Negative effects of chemistry

    • Environmental damages i.e pollution

Scientific Methods

• Scientific Inquiry - Using observations / experiments to learn about natural processes

  • Observe → Question → Hypothesize → Experiment → Summarize

• Adding Salt to Water Experiment

  • More salt = Higher boiling temperature

• Assignment:

  • https://quizlet.com/420075002/scientific-methodsassignment-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=b8bf8a2c-a2a4-475e-b70d-e728bb71f0e3

Hypothesis, Laws, and Theories

• Hypothesis - Testable explanation of a scientific problem based on research & observations

• Laws - A description of a naturally occurring event

• Theories - Well supported, widely accepted explanation for many observations

• Assignment:

  • https://quizlet.com/420072649/hypotheses-theories-and-lawsassignment-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=a1cd7c17-75b2-4679-b62a-548441100baf

• Quiz:

  • https://quizlet.com/420073822/hypotheses-theories-and-lawsquiz-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=afc410dc-84ca-4d37-957c-2796d0c05ac2

Tools, Technology, and Measurement

• Tools

  • Measuring Length

    • Ruler / Micrometer / Meter Stick

    • Tape Measure

    • Dial Caliper

  • Mass

    • Electronic Balance

    • Triple Beam Balance

  • Volume

    • Solids

      • Regular

        • Measure dimensions → use math

      • Irregular

        • Water displacement

    • Liquids

      • Graduated Cylinder

      • Pipette

      • Beaker

    • Gas

      • Manometer (pressure + volume)

  • Temperature

    • Thermometer

  • Time

    • Digital stopwatch

• Technology

  • Probeware - Sensors or other electronic devices that collect data

• The Metric System

  • International System of Units (SI Units)

• Assignment:

  • https://quizlet.com/420079587/tools-technology-and-measurementassignment-flash-cards/

• Quiz:

  • https://quizlet.com/420081400/tools-technology-and-measurementquiz-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=9e3f6909-8593-40b1-9635-8441fa49797e

Safety in Science

• Common sense

Using Math to Analyze Data

• Accuracy - How close the measurements are to the actual value

• Precision - How close the measurements are to each other

  • Based on graduation marks

  • Precision = smallest graduation mark

  • Estimate the last digit

  • Percent Error

    • | (Experimental Value - Accepted Value) / Accepted Value | * 100

• Graphs

  • Bar Graph

    • Display information for a group of categories

  • Line Graph

    • Show change i.e over time

  • Scatter Plot

    • Two variables that relate but are not necessarily independent/dependent

  • Histogram

    • Representation of frequency

Evaluating Scientific Explanations

• Use common sense…