Unit 1 - Scientific Processes

The Nature of Chemistry

• Science vs Pseudoscience
  • Science
  • Systematic
    • Scientific process
  • Collect information & ideas
  • Based of facts
  • Used to explain natural phenomenon
  • Constantly updated
  • Pseudoscience
  • Beliefs are used to support explanations
    • Is subjective
  • No facts or evidence that support the explanations
  • Lack of scientific process
  • Differentiating Questions
  • Does evidence exist to support the claim?
  • Was a scientific process used to collect evidence?
  • Is the claim based on objective or subjective proof?
• Reliability of Information
  • Information is reliable if:
  • Complete (non-altered) data set
  • No bias in the data collection
• The Importance of Chemistry
  • Chemistry - The study of substances that make up the world & the changes they undergo
  • All other sciences are based on chemistry
  • Used to make pretty much every piece of tech
  • Negative effects of chemistry
  • Environmental damages i.e pollution

Scientific Methods

• Scientific Inquiry - Using observations / experiments to learn about natural processes
  • Observe → Question → Hypothesize → Experiment → Summarize
• Adding Salt to Water Experiment
  • More salt = Higher boiling temperature
• Assignment:
  • https://quizlet.com/420075002/scientific-methodsassignment-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=b8bf8a2c-a2a4-475e-b70d-e728bb71f0e3

Hypothesis, Laws, and Theories

• Hypothesis - Testable explanation of a scientific problem based on research & observations
• Laws - A description of a naturally occurring event
• Theories - Well supported, widely accepted explanation for many observations
• Assignment:
  • https://quizlet.com/420072649/hypotheses-theories-and-lawsassignment-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=a1cd7c17-75b2-4679-b62a-548441100baf
• Quiz:
  • https://quizlet.com/420073822/hypotheses-theories-and-lawsquiz-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=afc410dc-84ca-4d37-957c-2796d0c05ac2

Tools, Technology, and Measurement

• Tools
  • Measuring Length
  • Ruler / Micrometer / Meter Stick
  • Tape Measure
  • Dial Caliper
  • Mass
  • Electronic Balance
  • Triple Beam Balance
  • Volume
  • Solids
    • Regular
    • Measure dimensions → use math
    • Irregular
    • Water displacement
  • Liquids
    • Graduated Cylinder
    • Pipette
    • Beaker
  • Gas
    • Manometer (pressure + volume)
  • Temperature
  • Thermometer
  • Time
  • Digital stopwatch
• Technology
  • Probeware - Sensors or other electronic devices that collect data
• The Metric System
  • International System of Units (SI Units)
• Assignment:
  • https://quizlet.com/420079587/tools-technology-and-measurementassignment-flash-cards/
• Quiz:
  • https://quizlet.com/420081400/tools-technology-and-measurementquiz-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=9e3f6909-8593-40b1-9635-8441fa49797e

Safety in Science

• Common sense

Using Math to Analyze Data

• Accuracy - How close the measurements are to the actual value
• Precision - How close the measurements are to each other
  • Based on graduation marks
  • Precision = smallest graduation mark
  • Estimate the last digit
  • Percent Error
  • | (Experimental Value - Accepted Value) / Accepted Value | * 100
• Graphs
  • Bar Graph
  • Display information for a group of categories
  • Line Graph
  • Show change i.e over time
  • Scatter Plot
  • Two variables that relate but are not necessarily independent/dependent
  • Histogram
  • Representation of frequency

Evaluating Scientific Explanations

• Use common sense…