Anatomy is the study of structure

Physiology is the study of function

The Hierarchy of Complexity in order is atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cell tissue, organ, organ system, organism

An atom is the smallest unit of matter

a molecule is 2 or more atoms bonded together

a macromolecule is a large molecule like DNA

An organelle is a tiny structure in a cell like mitochondria

a cell is the smallest unit of life

a tissue is a group of cells with a similar function

An organ is composed of two or more tissues that have a specific function

An organ system is A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

An organism is an individual

Some methods to study anatomy are palpation, gross anatomy, comparative anatomy, percussion, inspection, cadaver dissection, medical imaging

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions in your body

The characteristics of life are organization, made of cells, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, reproduction, evolution, homeostasis,

Homeostasis is Maintaining a stable internal environment

Negative feedback is the body reversing what is happening like temperature

Positive feedback is the body amplifying the change for example childbirth, vomitting, and blood clots

Cavities are caused by Streptococcus mutans

Plaque bacteria metabolize sugar to make acid to form a cavity

The mineral in bones and teeth is hydroxapatite which is formed by calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide

An element is the simplest form of matter made of one type of atom

a compound is the combination of two or more elements

There are 92 natural elements

The six elements that make up your body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphate

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Protons and neutrons make up an atom

a neutral atom is when the number of protons equals the number of electrons

An ion is when the amount of protons and neutrons are not equal

The atomic number is the number of protons

The atomic mass is protons plus neutrons

Isotopes are the same number of protons, different number of neutrons

Radioactive isotopes decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Most isotopes are radioactive

There is a maximum of 2 valence electrons in the 1st shell

There is a maximum of 8 valence electrons in the 2nd shell

There is a maximum of 8 valence electrons in the 3rd shell

a chemical bond is an atoms or molecules sticking together

Covalent bonds are formed with uncharged atoms

Covalent bonds share electrons

Ionic bonds are between ions.

Ions transfer electrons

Covalent bonds share electrons in pairs

Electronegativity is the amount an atoms attracts an electron

the most electronegative element is Fluorine

a nonpolar covalent bond is when electrons are shared equally

a polar covalent bond is when unequal sharing of electrons occurs

strong atoms take away electrons from weak atoms

hydrogen bond between molecules

hydrogen bonds hold together dna

molecules with an unpaired electron are free radicals

free radicals are unstable

Van der Waals forces are in between nonpolar molecules

nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic

Cohesion is when hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

adhesion is when hydrogen bonds stick to other things

mixture is physically combined

a mixture is combination of two or more molecules

a solution is transparent, dissolves, equally distributed

a colloid is larger particles, equally distributed, opaque (milk)

a suspension is not dissolved, opaque then settles (blood)

solutions are homogeneous

the solute is the thing being dissolved

the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving

when looking for if something is polar what should you look for oxygen

Examples of molecules that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic are fatty acids

The tail of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

The head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

synthesis is building or making molecules for example glucose + fructose = sucrose

anabolism is the synthesis reactions in the body

decomposition is the breaking down of molecules for example AB= A + B

Catabolism is all the decompositions in the body

exchange reaction is when things are rearranged for example AB + CD--- AC + BD

a reversible reaction example is CO2 + H2O -- H2CO3

you lose electrons in oxidation

you gain electrons in reduction

energy is the capacity to do work

potential energy is stored energy

kinetic energy is energy of motion

chemical potential energy is potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Exergonic reaction is releasing energy for example explosion

an endergonic reaction absorbs energy for example frying an egg

water molecules randomly split apart in water dissociation

acids increase the amount of hydrogen

a base decreases the concentration of H+ in a solution

Acids donate protons

bases accepts protons

the pH is higher is it basic

the pH is lower when it is acidic

the pH in blood is 7.35-7.45

the buffer system equation is CO2 + H2O --- H2CO3---- H+ + HCO3-

an organic compound is a compound with carbon

a hydroxy group is OH

a methyl group is CH3

a carboxyl group is COOH

an amino group is NH2

an isomer is the same formula, different structure

a structural isomer has different connections

a cis isomer is when the two groups are on the same side

a trans isomer is when the two groups are on opposite sides

lipids are hydrophobic

fats made out of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

There are no double bonds in saturated acids

One double bond is in unsaturated acid

saturated fats are solids at room temperature

unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

Two fatty acids are in a phospholipid?

the function of a lipid is to store energy, cell to cell signaling, protection

polymers are linked by covalent bonds

the function of enzymes is to speed up chemical reactions

during dehydration synthesis a water is lost

during hydrolysis is water added

what is the function of carbohydrates is energy storage, structure, cushioning

humans can not digest cellulose

the building block of proteins are amino acids

the building blocks for starch are glucose

For proteins different side chains mean they have different properties

a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids

1-2 polypeptides in a protein

The function of lingual lipase is an enzyme that begins fat digestion in mouth (mainly after food is swallowed)

Polypeptides linked by peptide bonds

The side chain determines the properties of the protein

a primary protein looks at the amino acid sequence

a secondary structure that looks for large shapes in the molecules

a tertiary structure looks like the overall shape of the polypeptide

the quaternary structure of a protein is Multiple proteins in formation

the functions of a protein are defense, movement, signaling, structure, transport, catalyst

when a substrate binds to an enzyme it changes shape

an enzyme is not used up in a reaction

the activation energy is the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

the conditions that affect the shape of a protein are temperature, pH

the optimal pH for an enzyme is 6-8 with the exception pepsin

the polymers of nucleic acids are nucleotides

the three parts of a nucleotide are sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

the pairs bonded in DNA are bonded by hydrogen bonding