Studied by 2 people
Metabolic
Rate of energy usage in the body.
Glottis
Opening that connects lungs to the mouth in amphibians.
Gills
Respiratory surface in fish and some amphibians.
Gill arches
Four of these make up a gill.
Gill filaments
Line gill arches, are thin and flat. One cell thick.
Gill lamallae
In the folds of gill filaments, a network of capillaries that oxygen diffuses into. One cell thick.
Gill rakers
At the top of gill arches and filter debris and particles from the water.
Ventilation
Process of moving the respiratory medium (water or air) against the respiratory surface.
Opercular
Valve that keeps water in the fish’s mouth, allowing it to move against the gills.
Opercular
Cavity where water moves in expiration before exiting the lungs.
Buccal
Cavity also known as the mouth cavity, where water flows into.
Pharyngeal
Cavity where the gills are.
Parallel
Flow of water against gills used by cartilaginous fish, where water flows the same direction as the blood. Least efficient method, only takes up 50% of oxygen
Countercurrent
Flow of water against gills used by bony fish, where water flows the opposite direction of the blood. Most efficient method, takes around 80% of oxygen.
Spiracles
Holes along an insect’s body where respiration takes place, surrounded by hairs and in some insects can open and close using valves.
Tracheae
Inside an insect and attached to the spiracles. Made out of rings of chitin.
Tracheoles
Smaller tubes that branch off the tracheae, leads directly to muscle fibres, where gas exchange takes place.
Lactic acid
Fluid used by insect cells to increase gas exchange during activity.
Anaerobic
Type of respiration that increases lactic acid, causes the osmotic potential of the cell to lower and more gas exchange to occur in insects.
Aerobic
Respiration that occurs during rest, where there is no lactic acid and therefore less gas exchange.
Photosynthesis
Occurs only in plants during the day, when carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen produced. Most oxygen is diffused out through leaves, but some can be used in respiration.
Stoma
Holes in the epidermis and wavy cuticle of a plant, where gases diffuse through. They can open and close.
Epidermis
Transparent outer layer of a plant that provides protection, also surrounded by a waxy cuticle.
Palisade mesophyll
Elongated cells containing chloroplasts, which rotate to allow for maximum sunlight absorption.
Spongy mesophyll
Cells that contain chloroplasts with air spaces to allow for diffusion of gases.
Potassium ions
Decrease osmotic potential of the guard cells to allow them to become turgid.
Malate
Converted from starch and used to decrease the osmotic potential of guard cells.
Guard cells
Cells that surround a stoma, which expand to open the stoma. Thicker inner wall to allow for this expansion.
Thorax
Airtight compartment which surrounds the lungs.
Lungs
Human breathing surface, also used in other mammals. Made from elastic-like tissue.
Pleural membranes
Double membrane, outer attached to the ribcage and inner covers the lungs.
Intercostal muscles
Muscles between the ribs that contract to increase lung capacity.
Diaphragm
Dome-shaped sheet of muscle which separates the thorax from the abdomen. Contracts to increase lung capacity.
Trachea
Flexible airway which brings air to the lungs. Made from smooth muscle to allow for contraction and expansion to increase or decrease volume.
Bronchus
A left and right one, branch off from the trachae and directly connect to the lungs.
Bronchioles
Branch off from a bronchus, a network inside the lungs.
Alveoli
Air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange takes place. Walls made out of squamous epithelium and are coated with pulmonary surfectant.
Pulmonary surfactant
Coats alveoli inner surfaces made of protein and phospholipids. It has a low surface tension, preventing alveoli collapse during exhalation due to low pressure and reduces effort needed for lung expansion. Allows allows for gases to dissolve pre-diffusion.
Expiration
Process of breathing out with lungs.
Inspiration
Process of breathing in with lungs.
20
Average concentration of oxygen in air.
0.04
Average concentration of carbon dioxide in air.
Asthma
Can be chronic or acute, occurs when smooth muscles tighten unnecessary. Can have triggers and lead to mucus build-up.
Emphysema
Condition where air sacs are unable to contract due to pulmonary surfectant damage. Causes breathlessness.
Spirometer trace
Measure done to calculate lung capacity for inspiration and expiration.
Tidal volume
Breathing at rest, shown on a spirometer.
Gill pouches
On cartilaginous fish only, spaces that hold five gills.
Gill slits
On cartilaginous fish only, how gill pouches open.
