Building Technology 5

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The procedures and techniques utilized during construction.

Construction operations

generally classified according to specialized fields. These include preparation of the project site, earth-moving, foundation treatment, teel erection, concrete placement, asphalt paving, and electrical and mechanical installations.

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

influenced by prevailing technology, techniques, skills, and even the political and economic climate.

ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

It covers a wide range of modern techniques and practices that encompass the latest developments in materials technology, design procedures, quantity surveying, facilities management services, structural analysis, and design and management studies.

FOUNDATION SYSTEM

transfers the lateral loads on the superstructure to the ground.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface. They are placed directly below the lowest part of a superstructure and transfer building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure.

Individual or isolated footings

are spread footings supporting free- standing columns and piers.

STRIP FOOTINGS

are continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

Stepped Footings

are strip footings that change levels to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building.

COMBINED FOOTING

supports two or more columns. This type of footing is used where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its supported column as in the case of columns located at or very near the property line.

CANTILEVERED FOOTING

may be used in place of a combined footing under the same conditions. In this type of construction, the footings of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap which is so extended to support the exterior column. The top of the beam or strap is usually placed level with the top of the footings.

Continuous footing

supports a line of columns, supports all of the columns by strips at right angles to each other, inverted slab or inverted tee

Mat or Raft Foundations Mat foundations

like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are so tied together so that they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level and plumb.

STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

When it is desired to avoid the deep excavation required for concrete and masonry footings, and when the load has to be distributed over a wide area of support, steel rails or beams are used to give the required moment of resistance with a minimum of depth.

DEEP FOUNDATION

employed when the soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or of inadequate soil bearing capacity. They extend down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum of rock or dense sand and gravel well below the superstructure.

PILE FOUNDATION

is a system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps, and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum.

CAISSON FOUNDATIONS

Caissons are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers formed by boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.

FOUNDATION WALL

provides support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement wall or crawl space partly or wholly below grade.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

defined as a structural member, resting on supports usually at its ends, which supports transverse loads.

Simple Beams

These are beams having a single span with a support at each end, there being no restraint at the supports.

Cantilever Beams

These are beams that are supported at one end only, or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its supports.

Continuous Beams

These are beams resting on more than two supports. The term “semi-continuous” is also frequently used in reinforced-concrete.

Pre-tensioning

steel wires are tensioned before concrete is placed and hardened.

Post-tensioning

steel wires are stretched out once the concrete is settled and hardened.

Slab

can be defined as a flat, horizontal structural element made of reinforced concrete that acts as a load distribution point

Flat Slab

typically reinforced by concrete and supported by caps and columns without beam support.

Flat Slab Plate

A column head is the reinforced concrete enlargement at the top of the column, which acts as an integral part of the system. These column heads can be designed at any angle for architectural purposes.

RIBBED SLAB

A one -way joist floor slab consists of a series of small, reinforced concrete T beams that are connected with girders that in turn carried by the building column.

WAFFLE FLOOR SLAB

a two-way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions.

LIFT SLAB

technique whereby concrete floor slabs are poured on the ground, one on top of the other, and then lifted into place on top of columns by hydraulic jacks.

Span-Stress Floor System

A construction method which utilizes span-stress prestressed T- Joist that can be used with filler blocks or collapsible steel forms, or plywood forms.

Slip Form Method

an alternative for conventional formwork system which helps in continuous vertical and horizontal construction.

Flat Type

It is a single piece of material, usually flat and cut into a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and exposed covering for a wall.

ribbed type

It is the most economical wall system. This wall system is more economical than wood, concrete or masonry alternatives.

window type

It is achieved by placing glazing between a building’s concrete slabs, using the slabs as structural support.

Tilt-up Wall Panel System

It is a technique of site casting concrete walls or elements, typically done on a horizontal surface and once cured, it is tilted vertically into place using a mobile crane.

pre-cast concrete

manufactured in factory under controlled conditions to keep standard dimensions and tolerances.

Large Panel System

useful for the construction of apartments and hotels. It consists of large walls and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions. Both horizontal and vertical panels withstand gravity loads.

Frame System

It is suitable for the construction of car parks, stadia, and offices. Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam

Slab Column Systems with Shear Wall

gravity loads supported by slab-column structure whereas shear walls withstand lateral loads.

Residential

housing is for society including individual homes, apartments, condominium, and townhouses.

commercial

This refers to construction dealing with the needs of commerce, trade, and government.

heavy civil

This type of construction greatly impacts society since it deals with transportation. Some examples are roads, bridge, railroad, dams, tunnels, and airports.

industrial

buildings that are used for different types of production. Some examples are chemical plants, steel mills, oil refineries, manufacturing plants, and pipelines.

environmental

used to be part of heavy civil, but it now has its own section since it deals with projects that improve the environment. Some examples are sanitary sewers, waste management, and clean water.

Composite construction

refers to any members composed of more than one material.

Composite floor systems

considered by many to be the highest quality type of construction.

LIGHT WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION

System of construction that is made up of dimensional lumber that is closely spaced and assembled by nailing to create floor, wall, stair and roof assemblies. As they are fastened together the wood components form the structure of a building, much like a skeleton.

LIGHT METAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION

also known as structural steel framing, are durable, reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable option for low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise building projects and typically refers to building frame systems where the vertical and horizontal structural elements are formed by a system of structural steel beams and columns.

Concrete

efficient in compression and steel in tension

metal decking

is a sheet of high-performance galvanized steel used in the construction of composite concrete floor slab. It can also be used as a structural feature in roof construction.

Composite decking

works together with the concrete fill to make a stiff, light-weight, economical floor system

value

Metal decking’s lower total cost of ownership and value when combining material costs, erection and installation, time, life-cycle costs, and overall performance. Steel deck provides the best value in with high performance.

steel

The design properties of metal deck allow the EOR to maximum steels strength and efficiency.

speed of construction

Steel deck is capable of being installed or erected in most weather conditions. Specifying steel deck can eliminate delays that may occur with other types of building systems.

roof decking

transfers wind loads to vertical elements of lateral force resisting systems through diaphragm action which is what makes the properties of roof deck specification unique.

floor decking

Floor decking is used for pouring a concrete floor and support for concrete during the curing process.

column

vertical member which transfers loads of a structure from beam and slab to the foundation.

exceeds three times the lateral dimension

The effective depth of a column

short columns

occur when the unsupported height is not greater than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

long columns

occur when the unsupported height is more than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

tied columns

These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral ties. The ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of vertical reinforcement to the gross column area should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%, and should consist of at least 4 bars of a minimum size of #5.

spiral columns

These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely spaced continuous spiral hooping. For spiral columns, the ratio of the area of the vertical reinforcement to the gross column area shall not less than 1% nor more than 8%. The minimum number of bars shall 6, and the minimum bar size shall #5.

Composite Columns

where structural steel columns are embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column.

Combined Columns

where structural steel is encased in concrete of at least 7 cm thick, reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer face of the concrete cover.

Lally Columns

are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat steel plates which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion.

Composite columns

used in construction for their combination of tensile and compressive strength.

Shear connectors

create a strong bond between the steel beam and the concrete floor slab which is poured on top of the metal decking

shear connection

prevents the slip between the two components and achieves a much stiffer and stronger beam.

Cambering

forms an upwards curve in a linear product relative to its center; amount of deflection induced in the opposite direction of its load. When a beam is subjected to vertical downward loads, it has a tendency of deflecting downwards.

Engineered wood boards

are generally made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber, but mixed with additives like adhesives.

LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER

Made of wood veneers that are compressed together with resins and glues, LVL is a high density engineered wood product used in framing. LVL is very strong, but has only one strength axis, because its veneers are stacked with the grain running in the same direction. This means you can only load LVL in one direction.

LAMINATED STRAND LUMBER

Made of small strips of wood—strands—that are placed in a dense, angled pattern, LSL is a high quality engineered wood product that can be an even higher density and stronger than LVL. It is composed of about 95% wood fiber and 5% resin. LSL is very resistant to weight and torsion because of the angled pattern in which the wood strips are placed. LSL is also expensive—it’s about 3x the cost of dimensional lumber.

ORIENTED STRAND BOARD

This type of sheet wood is formed by combining wood strands or flakes with adhesives and then compressing them. It is manufactured in wide mats and is good for load-bearing applications such as flooring and roof decking.

plywood

A sheet wood manufactured from thin layers (or “plies”) or wood veneer that are glued together; have several benefits to builders, since they are made by binding resin and wood fiber sheets to form a composite material whose “cross graining” property provides dimensional stability and makes the strength of the panel consistent in all directions.

MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF)

made by breaking down hardwood and softwood pieces into fibers, which are combined with wax and resin binders, and formed into panels by applying high temperatures and pressure. It is usually more dense than plywood, and is more dense than oriented strand board, but just like OSB, there are grades that can withstand water and weather and other grades that cannot.

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

This wood panel product is made from gluing together layers of solid sawn lumber. It is strengthened by layering each board perpendicular to the next and glued on the wide faces of each board. It can be a good insulator, since it’s made of multiple layers of wood.

Wood Composite

manufactured from a variety of materials. They usually contain the same woods that are used in lumber, but they are combined to make them stronger and more durable. It is also known as engineered wood.

composite decking

also referred to as wood-plastic composite (WPC) decking, is gaining popularity as it conserves natural wood and is environmentally friendly.

Wood Plastic Composite

panel or lumber product made from recycled plastic and small wood particles or fibers.

Solid Composite Decking

are heavy boards used commonly to make permanent floors for houses, offices, and hotels.

Hollow Composite Decking

also known as blank composite boards are lightweight decking materials often used for installing cables, cladding, siding, etc. They are less resistant to impacts. They require caps or fascia boards on their edges.

Capped Composite Decking

consists of a core and a cap. The core is made from organic wood filler and recycled plastic material, while the cap is made from a synthetic material to increase the resistance to stain, scratch, and discoloration.

building boards

are a group of building materials often faced with paper or vynil, suitable for use as a finished surface on walls, ceiling, etc. — usually 4 × 8 feet

plywood

made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at right angles to the grain of the adjacent layer.

Rotary cutting

a log is fixed in lathe and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log in continuous sheet.

Hardboard

made from processed wood chips. They are uniform, hard, grainless sheets, smooth and with overlaps. They are used in interior panels and durable sidings; homogenous with no grain

Formica Laminate

a laminated composite material invented at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in the United States in 1912.

Standard (Grades of Hardboard)

light, flexible to be quite easily bent, light brown in color and not suitable for exterior work

Tempered hardboard (Grades of Hardboard)

brittle and stiff but resistant to water penetration, dark brown in color, ideal for exterior use.

Low density (Grades of Hardboard)

not as strong and durable as standard and tempered, for decorative boards and often used as blackboards.

Insulating Fiberboard

made from three types of fiber–wood, sugar cane, asbestos, and binder, formed into a board.

Insulating grade

made up for insulating, decorative panels and ceiling tiles, V-notch plaster base, and roof insulation

Sheathing Grade

surfaces and edges are coated with asphalt and/or with fibers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture.

Wood fibers

produced by pressing logs against a grindstone which breaks down the wood into fibers.

Mineral fiberboard

made from asbestos mixed with cementing agent ideal for fireproofing and acoustical purposes.

Cane fiberboard

shredded cane and processed into fibers

Chipboard

made from building board particles and a binder (phenolic resin/urea formaldehyde glue) often faced with veneer.

Particle board

a hardboard made from relatively small particles, graduated from coarse at the center of the board to fine at the surface to produce a product with a smooth dense surface.

Gypsum board

a panel made from gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is used to make interior walls and ceilings.