English Final Study Guide

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90 Terms

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Alliteration
The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of a word.
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Allusion
A reference to an historical or a literary person, place, or event with which the reader is assumed to be familiar.
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Anaphora
The repetition of a word or word group at the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, paragraphs, or poetic lines.
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Anecdote
A short written or oral account of an interesting event or an episode. A(n) \_________ can serve many purposes: reveal character, illustrate a theme support an opinion, clarify an idea, grab the reader's attention, or simply entertain.
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Antagonist
A person or a force in society or nature that opposes the protagonist, or central character, in a story or drama.
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Antithesis
Figure of speech in which sharply contrasting words, phrases, clauses, or sentences are juxtaposed. \____________ is used to emphasize a point.
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Apostrophe
Figure of speech in which a thing, an abstract quality, or an absent or imaginary person is addressed as if present and able to understand.
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Assonance
The repetition of a vowel sound within words.
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Aside
In a play, a comment that a character makes to the audience or another character onstage, a comment that the others onstage do not hear.
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Blank verse
Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.
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Caesura
A pause placed in the middle of a line for effect.
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Character
An individual in a literary work.
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Round Character
A character who shows varied and sometimes contradictory traits.
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Flat Character
A character who reveals only one personality trait.
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Dynamic Character
This character undergoes a change during the story.
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Static Character
This character remains the same throughout the story.
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Characterization
The techniques employed by writers to develop characters.
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Direct Characterization
When the author clearly tells the reader what we need to know about a character.
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Indirect Characterization
When the reader must use hints to understand a character by: 1) Narrator's description of a character's physical appearance or personal traits, 2) Character's thoughts, 3) Character's actions, 4) Character's speech, 5) Other characters' thoughts, comments, and actions
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Confidante
A character in a drama or fiction, such as a trusted friend or servant, who serves as a device for revealing the inner thoughts or intentions of a main character.
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Conflict
A struggle between two opposing forces or characters.
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Internal Conflict
A struggle that takes place within the mind of the character
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External Conflict
takes place between the character and an outside force (Person vs. Person, Person vs. Society, Person vs. Nature, Person vs. Machine, Person vs. Self)
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Consonance
The repetition of consonant sounds within and at the end of words.
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Diction
A writer's choice of words.
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Enjambment
The continuation of the sense and grammatical construction of a line of poetry onto the next line or of a couplet or stanza into the succeeding couplet or stanza.
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Epic hero
of high rank, strong, courageous, clever, cunning; the hero's qualities represent those valuable to his society; the hero struggles to overcome human character flaws; he faces supernatural forces; the story takes places over large, vast areas and locations; the story is told in a formal and grand style; the epic hero WINS!
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Epic Simile
A long, elaborate comparison that continues for several lines.
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Epithet
A brief phrase used to characterize a person, place, or thing.
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Figurative Language
Language that uses figures of speech, or expressions that are not literally true but express some truth beyond the literal level.
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Flashback
An interruption in the chronological order of a narrative to describe an event that happened earlier.
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Foil
A character who provides a striking contrast to another character.
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Foreshadowing
An author's use of hints or clues to prepare readers for events that will happen later in a story.
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Free Verse
Poetry that has no fixed pattern of meter, rhyme, length, or stanza arrangement.
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Heroic Couplet
Two consecutive lines of rhyming iambic pentameter.
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Hubris
Excessive pride or self-confidence
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Hyperbole
Figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect.
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Imagery
Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader's mind.
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In Medias Res
Latin phrase meaning "in the middle of things." A work of literature is said to start like this when the story begins in the middle of the action.
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Irony
The contrast between appearance and actuality, or between expectation and reality.
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Situational irony
When something happens that is entirely different than what is expected.
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Verbal irony
a writer/character says one thing, but means something entirely different.
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Dramatic irony
The reader or audience understands meanings that one or more characters do not.
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Metaphor
An implied comparison.
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Meter
The repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of poetry.
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Iamb
unstressed, stressed
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Trochee
stressed, unstressed
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Anapest
unstressed, unstressed, stressed
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Dactyl
stressed, unstressed, unstressed
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Spondee
stressed, stressed
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Pyrrhic
unstressed, unstressed
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Dimeter
two rhythmic feet
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Trimeter
three rhythmic feet
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Tetrameter
four rhythmic feet
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Pentameter
five rhythmic feet
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Monologue
A long speech or expression of thoughts by a character in a literary work.
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Mood
The emotional quality of a literary work.
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Motif
A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature.
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Onomatopoeia
Refers to the use of echoic words whose pronunciations suggest their specific meanings.
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Oxymoron
A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms.
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Parallelism
The use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar or complementary in structure or in meaning.
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Persona
A mask or voice that the author uses in a poem. Note that the author and the voice in the poem are not the same.
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Personification
Figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to an object, an animal, or an idea.
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Plot
The sequence of events or actions in a narrative work.
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Exposition
Information essential to understanding the situation is introduced.
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Inciting Incident
The event or decision that begins a story's problem.
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Rising Action
The action rises to the moment of crises.
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Climax
The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense
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Falling Action
After the climax, there is a reversal of fortune for the protagonist.
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Resolution
The moment when the conflict ends and the outcome is clear.
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Point of View
The vantage point from which a narrative is told.
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First-Person
The story is told by one of the characters in his/her own words.
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Third-Person Omniscient
The narrator is not in the story. This "all-knowing" observer can describe and comment on all the characters in the story.
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Third-Person Limited
The narrator is not a character in the story. However, rather than tell the story from each character's vantage point, this "limited" narrator tells the story from the viewpoint of only one character.
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Protagonist
The central character in a literary work, around whom the main conflict revolves.
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Pun
A humorous play on words.
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Rhyme
Words \______ when sound of accented vowels and all succeeding sounds are identical.
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Masculine rhyme
Only final accented syllables rhyme. (pursue/renew)
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Feminine (or Double) rhyme
Rhyme occurs in two or three consecutive syllables, the first of which is stressed. (remember/December; waken/shaken)
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End rhyme
Rhyme comes at end of line.
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Internal rhyme
Rhyme occurs within a line. ("The splendor falls on castle walls")
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Off (or Slant or Near) rhyme
The sounds are closely related but not identical. (fear/care)
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Setting
The time and place in which events in a literary work occur.
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Simile
A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as."
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Soliloquy
A dramatic device in which a character alone on stage reveals his or her private thoughts aloud to the audience.
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Sonnet
A verse form consisting of 14 lines in iambic pentameter with rhyme arranged according to a fixed scheme, usually divided either into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines) or into three quatrains and a couplet.
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Symbol
Any person, animal, place, object, or event that exists on a literal level within a work but also represents something on figurative level.
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Theme
The main idea or message of a story, poem, novel, or play often expressed as a general statement about life.
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Tone
The attitude that a writer takes toward his or her subject.
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Understatement
The technique of creating emphasis by saying less than is actually or literally true.