chem 86 - metallurgy

mineral

a naturally occurring substance with a range of chemical composition

ore

a mineral deposit concentrated enough to alloy

seawater

a rich source of some metal ions (Na1+, Mg2+, and Ca2+)

halides

minerals with halogens (F, Cl, etc.)

manganese nodules

vast area of the ocean floor are covered with these minerals

Group 8B(8), 8B(10)

The core of the Earth is rich in dense Group __ to __ metals

Fe (iron)

the major component of the core of the Earth

outer silicate phase

a phase that is separated into the mantle and crust

Si, Al, Mg, Fe (w/ O)

The silicate phase contains is composed of __

sulfide phase

a phase that consisted mostly of iron sulfide mixed with parts of the other phases

ionic compounds

Elements with low or high electronegativity tended to congregate in the silicate phase

Groups 11 to 16

Lower-melting transition metals, and many metals and metalloids in Groups __, became concentrated in the sulfide phase

78%

percentage of Nitrogen in the atmosphere

O2, N2, noble gases (except He)

free elements from the atmosphere

uncombined (native)

A few elements occur naturally in their __ state

Gibbsite (in bauxite)

Al(OH)3

Barite

BaSO4

Beryl

Be3Al2Si6O18

Limestone

CaCO3

Hematite

Fe2O3

Cinnabar

HgS

Halite

NaCl

Galena

PbS

Cassiterite

SnO2

Sphalerite

ZnS

metallurgy

the science and technology of separating metals from their ores and of compounding alloys

Pyrometallurgy

uses heat to obtain the metal.

Electrometallurgy

employs an electrochemical step.

Hydrometallurgy

relies on the metal's aqueous solution chemistry

alloy

a solid solution either of two or more metals, or of a metal or metals with one or more nonmetals

gangue

the portion of the ore with no commercial value or the waste (e.g. clay, silicate materials)

Mining, pretreating, converting (mineral to compound), converting (compound to metal), refining, alloying

steps in metallurgy in order

magnetic separating

a method of separation by passing grounded ore over a rotating drum that has a magnet inside to attract the magnetic material

density separation

a method of separation by exploiting large differences in densities (e.g. panning between gold and sand)

flotation

a method of separation by grounding ore and adding it to water containing oil and detergent to form a slurry

leaching

a hydrometallurgical process that selectively extracts the metal, usually by forming a complex ion

separation with mercury

a method of separation that uses mercury to extract metal from ore (e.g. dissolving an ore that has silver and gold w/ mercury to recover silver and gold)

cyclone separator

the system that is used that blows high-pressure air through the pulverized mixture to separate the particles

reduction

production of a free metal is a __ process

roasting

metal sulfides are converted to oxides by this process

hydrogen

Oxides of less active metals are reduced with __ instead of carbon

smelting

Heating an oxide with a reducing agent to obtain the metal

thermite reaction

process when aluminum is used to reduce metal oxide in a spectacular exothermic reaction to produce molten motal

electrochemical redox

conversion of minerals by converting mineral to the element in an electrolytic cell

anhydrous molten oxide or halide of metal

where the electrolytic processes are usually carried out in reduction

Metal, cathode

In electrochemical redox, the cation is reduced to the __ at the __

Nonmetal, anode

in electrochemical redox, the anion is oxidized to the __ at the __

Recombination

Electrochemical redox design cells to separate the products preventing __

Electrorefining

Refining method that employs an electrolytic cell, in which the impure metal acts as the anode and the pure metal as the cathode.

Distillation

Refining method used on metals with relatively low boiling points

Zone refining

Refining method that exploits freezing point depression

Alloying

involves combining the metals in the correct proportions to produce a material with the desired physical properties

heating coil

In zone refining of silicon, the impure metal or metalloid is passed slowly through a __

impure solid

In zone refining of silicon, this solid melts

Purer solid

In zone refining of silicon, this solid refreezes

B-brass

Binary alloy with a BCC structure

Cu3Au

Binary alloy with a FCC structure

Halite

sodium ore

Brines

Sodium ore is obtained by the evaporation of __

Downs cell

Na is extracted and purified in an electrolytic apparatus called the __

Sylvite

the major ore of potassium

850C

The temperature that is carried out during the reaction so that gaseous K is produced

blast furnace

Iron is recovered from its ores by reduction with C in a __

Pig iron

the product of smelting iron ore with a high-carbon fuel

basic oxygen process

Pig iron is converted to steel by means of the __ process

Steel

A metal that is often produced in alloying iron with other metals to prevent corrosion

Oxide

Minerals with O

Carbonate

minerals with CO

Sulfide

minerals with S

Chalcopyrite

most common copper ore (CuFeS2)

0.5%

% of Cy in chalcopyrite

99.99%

Copper for wiring needs to be__% pure

Impure Cu

in electrorefining copper, the __ is used as a series of anodes

Purified Cu

in electrorefining copper, the cathodes are made from __

Acidic solution of CuSO4

in electrorefining copper, An __ serves as the electrolyte

Bayer process

the process of pretreatment of bauxite by boiling with NaOH.

Al

the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust

Bauzite

major ore of Al

Heroult electrolytic process

Process of converting Al2O3 to a free metal

Magnesium

metal that is readily obtained from seawater, although it is also abundant on land

Dow process

Process used to isolate Mg

Ca(OH)2

generated from crushed seashells

amalgam

an alloy of mercury with another metal/s