Biology- Cell Theory

Prokaryotic Cell

Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles, DNA is in the cytoplasm_, Smaller and less complex than Eukaryotic, Have nucleoids

Eukaryotic Cell

Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, DNA is in the nucleus, Larger and more complex than Prokaryotic,

Cell Membrane

forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell, made of phosopholipids

Cytoplasm

Jellylike substance that supports the cell and protects the organelles, contains nutrients

Cytoskeleton

A network of proteins that support the cell and help to transport molecules inside the cell

Microtubules

act as a track for the movement of organelles and chromosomes during cell division

Intermediate Filaments

give a cell its strength

Microfilaments

Enable cells to move and divide

Nucleus

Directs all the cells activities and contains the genetic information often in chromatin form

Nucleolus

Inside of the nucleus and makes ribosomes

Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane made of phospholipids that protects the nucleus

Nuclear Pore

Allows certain molecules to go between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Cell Theory

All living organisms are made of cells, All existing cells come from preexisting cells, The cell is the most basic unit of life

Zacharias Jensen

Came up with the first compound microscope

Anton von Leeuvwenhoek

Looked at the bacteria on his teeth with microscope and called it "Animalcules"

Robert Hooke

Came up with the term "cell" from a piece of cork

Matthias Schleiden

Botanist, claimed all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

All animals are made of cells

Rudolph Virchow

All cells come from preexisting cells

Robert Remack

Said to have originally stated that cells come from preexisting cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum- Rough

interconnected folded membranes, covered with ribosomes that are able to make proteins,

Endoplasmic Reticulum- Smooth

interconnected folded membranes, makes lipids and hormones, removes toxins

Ribosomes

makes proteins by linking together amino acids, they are located on the rough er or floating in the cytoplasm

Golgi Apparatus

closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins, similar to rough er because they both work with proteins

Vesicles

small membrane bound sacks that transport materials, they may transport from organelle to organelle, they may also transport in and out of the cell

Mitochondria

supplies energy for the cell by converting the nutrients we eat into cellular energy called ATD

Vacuole

fluid filled sack for the storage of materials in the cell, mostly used for water and structural support, BIG vacuole in plant cells, mostly in plant cells, either small or no vacuole in animal cells

Lysosomes

contains enzymes that break down old cell parts, bacteria, and other molecules, LOTS in animal cells, either few or none in plant cells, help make energy by breaking down food

Chloroplast

carry out photosynthesis in plant cells, produce food by using the sun's energy

Centrosome

area that produces microtubules and contains centrioles

Centrioles

organize the microtubuoles and contains centrioles, only in animal cells

Cell Wall

surrounds the cell membrane with a rigid layer that gives more protection, support, and shape to the cell, only in plant or bacteria cells

Cholesterol

strengthen the cell membrane

Carbohydrates

(Glycolipid) serve as ID tags to help molecules find the cell if they need to go in it

Protein Channels

cross both phospholipid layers like bridges, this helps materials cross in or out of the cell

Fluid mosaic model

cell membrane is flexible, not rigid and behaves like a fluid, the variety of proteins stud the membrane like a patterned mosaic

Selective Permability

This means the cell membrane allows some but not all of the materials to cross in or out of the cell

Concentration

the amount of substance in a particular volume

Concentration Gradient

an area that has at least two sections with different concentration of a substance

Equilibrium

when the net flow of molecules on either sides of the membrane is zero

Passive Transport

no energy needed (high to low concentration)

Active Transport

energy needed (low to high concentration)

Simple diffusion

movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy, used for movement of molecules from high to low concentration until it reaches equilibrium, Molecules such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen

Osmosis

specific diffusion of water molecules, moves from high to low water concentration until it reaches equilibrium

Isotonic

a solution and the cell have the same concentration of dissolved particles, the water moves in and out of the cell at an equal rate and the cell size remains the same

Hypotonic

a solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than the concentration of the inside of the cell, more water outside of the cell so water will diffuse into the cell causing it to expand

hypertonic

the solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the cell, more water will flow out of the cell causing it to shrivel

Facilitated diffusion

some molecules need help going through the membrane so they go though transport proteins (protein channels) i.e. ions, carbohydrates, amino acids