Level Chemistry Fall Semester Review Unit 2: Atomic and Periodic Table History

A collection of vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts and definitions from the Level Chemistry Fall Semester Review.

Fluorine

An element with 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons.

Mass Number

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom; for Fluorine, it is 18 amu.

Isotope

A variant of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Charge of Isotope

The charge of an isotope is calculated by subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons. Fluorine here has a -1 charge.

Modern Periodic Table Organization

The modern periodic table is organized by atomic number.

First Periodic Table Organization

The first periodic table was organized by atomic mass.

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements on the periodic table which have 1 valence electron and a common ion charge of +1.

Noble Gases

Group 18 elements which have 8 valence electrons and are neutral with no charge.

Gold Foil Experiment

An experiment conducted by Rutherford that led to the discovery of the nucleus.

Penetrating Power Ranking in Radioactive Decay

Gamma > Beta > Alpha; Gamma emission is the most penetrating, while Alpha is the least.

Alpha Particle

A type of radioactive emission consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

Beta Particle

A type of radioactive emission that represents an electron or a positron.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that determine its bonding behavior.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Polar Molecule

A molecule in which electrons are not shared equally, resulting in a dipole.

Non-polar Molecule

A molecule that shares electrons equally, with no dipole present.

Ternary Compounds

Compounds that contain at least one polyatomic ion.

Binary Compounds

Compounds composed of only two different elements.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between two atoms when one atom transfers electrons to another.

Lewis Dot Structure

Diagrams that represent the valence electrons of an atom.

Law of Conservation of Mass

The principle stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.