Exam 1: Non-Domestic Carnivores

what is included in preventative medicine

• nutrition

• parasite monitoring

• welfare

• vaccinations

• disease monitoring

• quarantine

• age related changes

Generally describe the organsims of Carnivora

• Canidae

• Felidae

• Ursidae

• Pinnipedia

• Mustelidae

• Hyaenidae

• Procyonidae

• Viverridae

generally describe Canidae

• 1kg to 60kgs

• think of as dogs you cant touch without a dart

• rabies, distemper, parvo, urolithiasis in maned wolves, GVD

what are the vaccine protocols for Canidae

• rabies, canine distemper, and parvo are core

• typically dont use MLV, instead use killed, recomiant canarypox or killed

• maned wolves considered at rsk to MLV

describe urolithiasis in maned wolves

• cystine stones in the kidney, urethra, bladder

• can present as an emergency due ti urinary blockage

• can treat with potassium citrate, sodium and protein dietary reduction

describe the african wild dog pack dynamics

• dominant older female + younger male pair

• male offspring of ange age

• young female offspring

• inability of females >18m to disperse causes aggression to dominant female

how should an african wild dog be reintroduced to its pack after care

separate all members, then introduce with subordinate dogs first

how should meerkats be reintroduced to their pack

• return to group same day

• immobilize multiple members at same time

• talcum powder or vicks

what diseases are important in Felidae

• Helicobacter in cheetahs

• canine distemper

• stargazing in lions

• spondylosis, osteoarthritis, renal failure

what are the vaccine protocols for Felidae

• core vacines are rabies and Fel-O-Vax (feline panleukopenia/calcivirus/herpesvirus combo)

• only killed vaccines are recommended as MLV may induce disease

how is gastritis in cheetahs described

• multifactorial

• Helicobacter a differential for vomiting, hypersalivation, weight loss, and anorexia

• requires endoscopy and biopsy for diagnosis

• chronic, recurring gastritis can be treated ith antibiotics and H2 blockers

• association with amyloidosis → renal failure

characterize stargazing in African Lions

• clinical signs include head pulled backwards, ataxia, lack of coordination, nystagmus, head tremor

• chiari like malformation or cerebellar herniation

• presumed connection with hypovitaminosis A with increased cranial bone thickness

• can be dx with CT/MRI

• has been treated ith glucocorticoids, vitamin A, and surgery

characterize distemper in non-domestic felids

• clinical disease in multiple species, but not all are susceptible

• respiratory, GI, neuro, and integumentary signs, hyperkeratosis, myoclonus

• exclude vectors and vaccinate with recombinant

characterize progressive hyperkalemia in felids

• common, often related to prolonged anesthesia (>2hrs) using alpha-2 adrenergic agonists

• check electrolytes every 30 minites and ECG monitoring → increasing T wave amplitde, widening QRS, loss of P waves

• reverse alpha 2 BEFORE 150 minutes

• treat with sodium bicarb, calcium gluconate, insulin with dextrose

what diseases are important in ursidae

• distemper (pandas)

• equine herpes virus in polar bears

• alopecia

characterize EHV in bears

• EVH-1 and 9 from zebras, horses, rhinos

• has been seen in polar bears and black bears

• no direct contact, suspected vector, water, and keeper spread

• do NOT feed horse meat, seprate keepers and equipment, vaccine?

characterize alopecia in bears

• many causes, may need derm testing

• can respond to Apoquel but very expensive (300$/m

what are important species and diseases in Pinnipedia

• sea lions, seals, walrus

• ocular disease

• domoic acid intoxication

• leptospirosis and foreign bodies

characterize ocular diseases in Pinnipedia

• very high prevalence compared to wild counterparts

• keratitis and catarcts

• risk factors include UV exposure, blue pools, water quality (oxidizing agents such as chlorine and oxone biproducts), freshwater systems

how do you prevent and manage ocular disease in Pinnipedia

• shade, dark/nonreflective pools, low level feeding, keep ozone generator output low, antioxidants

• prophylactic cylcosporine or tacrolimus, topical antibiotics, NSAID for ulcers, cataract surgery

characterize Domoic acid intoxication in sea lions

• results from algal blooms, mimics glutamate

• acute and chronic presentations

• in utero exposure can have immediate or delayed impact

• behavioral deficits, cognitive impairment, seizures

• supportive care or euth

characterize leptospirosis in Pinnipeds

• usually L. interrogans pomona serovar

• acute interstitial nephritis; treated with fluid and antimicrobial therapy

how are foreign bodies described in Pinnipeds

• not usually a problem in sea lions and seals

• walruses have a large pyloric sphincter → intestinal FB

characterize Mustelidae

• badgers, wolverines, weasels, otters

• benefits from domestic ferret knowledge

• embryonid diapause in some species

• renal calculi common in freshwater otters

characterize renal calculi in otters

• asian small clawed otters typically calcium oxalate
  -age and dietary calcium, dietary protein and soldium were protective

• Eurasian river otters = Ammonium acid urate

• north american rive otters = calcium phosphate

• giant river otters= xanthine

what are the specific diseases of Procyonidae (racoons, coatis, kinkajous)

• obesity in raccons

• important infectious such as rabies, distemper, parvo

hat is included in Herpestidae

• meerkats and mongooses

• sentinel beavior

• synchronized parturition (banded mongoose)

what is included in Viverridae

• bintorong, civet, genet

• prehensile tail in binturong

• renal adenocarcinoma, cardivascular disease

what is characteristic in Hyaenidae

penniform clitoris and false scrotum in females