Chapter 26; Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Structure and Function of the Urinary System

- two kidneys

-two ____

-one urinary bladder

-one ____

-two ureters

-one urethra

Structure and Function of the Urinary System

-infection prevented by

-valves that prevent ____ to the kidneys

backflow

Structure and Function of the Urinary System

-infection prevented by

-acidity of ___

-mechanical ___

-acidity of urine

-mechanical flushing

Structure and Function of the reproductive System

-FEMALE

-two ____

-two uterine (fallopian) tubes

-the uterus, including the ____

-the vagina

- external genitals (____)

-two ovaries

-the uterus, including the cervix

-external genitals or the vulva

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

-MALE

-two ____

-accessory glands

-___

-two testes

-penis

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

-MALE

-system of ducts

-epididymis

-ductus (___) deferens

-ejaculatory duct

-____

-ductus (vas) deferens

-urethra

Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

-urinary bladder and upper ___ tract are sterile

urinary tract

Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

-predominant microbes of the vagina

-____: produce H2O2 and lactic acid

-_____, anaerobes, some gram negatives

-lactobacilli

-streptococci

Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

-male urethra is usually ____

sterile

Does the pH of urine facilitate the growth of most bacteria?

no because the pH is low

What is the association between estrogens and the microbiota of the vagina?

estrogen kills bacteria

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

-urethritis: an inflammation of the ___

urethra

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

-cystitis: an inflammation of the urinary ____

bladder

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

-ureteritis: infection of the ___

ureters

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

-pyelonephritis: an inflammation of one or both ____

kidneys

Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System

- 7 mill urinary tract infections annually due to ___

E. coli

Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems

-Sexually transmitted Diseases

-often no signs or ___

symptoms

Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems

-over 30 types of infections

-treatment with antibiotics and prevented with ____

condoms

Gonorrhea

-caused by ____ gonorrhoeae

-gram-neg ____

-Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-gram negative diplococcus

Gonorrhea

-attaches to the epithelial mucosa of the ____

-invades the spaces between the columnar ____ cells

-fimbriae

-cells

Gonorrhea

-two types of gonorrhea

-____ gonorrhea

-anal gonorrhea

pharyngeal

Gonorrhea

-symptoms

-men: painful urination and ____ of pus; epididymitis

discharge

Gonorrhea

-symptoms

-women: fewer symptoms; pelvic ____ disease

pelvic inflammatory disease

Gonorrhea

-symptoms

-if left untreated, may disseminate and become ___

systemic

Gonorrhea

-symptoms

-opthalmia neonatorum: infant ____ due to a gonorrheal infection of the eyes

blindness

Gonorrhea

-no ____ immunity

-antigenic variability

-opa proteins bind to T cell receptors preventing activation and ____ memory

-adaptive

-immunological memory

Gonorrhea

-diagnosis with ___ ___ ,ELISA, or monoclonal antibodies

gram stain

Gonorrhea

-treatment first with ____

cephalosporins

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

-nonspecific urethritis (NSU)

-any inflammatory of the ___ not caused by N. gonorrhoeae

-urethra

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

-nonspecific urethritis

-caused by chlamydia trachomatis

-____ hominis

-ureaplasma urealycticum

-Mycoplasma hominis

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

-nonspecific urethritis

-painful urination and waery discharge; often ____; pelvic inflammatory disease in women

asymptomatic

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

-nonspecific urethritis

-diagnosis: culture or PCR

-treatment with doxycycline and ____

-azithromycin

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

-extensive bacterial infection of the female ____ organs

pelvic

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

-polymicrobial infections; usually:

-N. gonorrhoeae

-C. ____

C. trachomatis

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

-chronic ____ pain

abdominal

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

-salpingitis: infection of the ___ tubes

uterine

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

-treatment with ____ and cefoxitin

doxycylcine

Syphilis

-caused by Treponema Pallidum

-gram-neg ____

-grows slowly in cell culture

-gram-negative spirochete

Syphilis

-invades the ___ or through skin breaks and enters the ____

mucosa

-bloodstream

Syphilis

-induces and ____ response

inflammatory

Syphilis

-some strains cause ____

-skin disease is not sexually transmitted

yaws

Syphilis

-primary stage

-____ at the site of infection about 3 weeks after exposure

chancre

Syphilis

-secondary stage

-skin and mucosal rashes, especially on the ___ and soles

palms

Syphilis

-latent stage

-no ____

no symptoms

Syphilis

-tertiary stage

-appears ___ after latency

-gummas on organs

years

Syphilis

-tertiary stage

-cardiovascular syphilis; weakens the ___

-neurosyphillis; affects the ____;dementia

-aorta

-CNS

Syphilis

-tertiary stage

-congenital: neurological damage to the ___

fetus

Syphilis

-direct fluorescent-antibody test

-nontreponemal ___ tests

-treponemal-type ____ tests

treatment with ___ ___

-serological

-serological

-benzathine penicillin

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

-caused by C. ____

-infects the ___ tissue

-C. trachomatis

-lymphoid tissue

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

-diagnosis with blood test for ____ to the organism

-treatment with ___

-antibodies

-doxycycline

Genital Herpes

-caused by herpes simplex virus type 2

-painful vesicles on the ___;painful urination

-genitals

Genital Herpes

-recurrences from viruses latent in ___ cells

nerve

Genital Herpes

-no cure; suppression and ____

management

Neonatal Herpes

-herpesvirus crosses the ___ barrier and infects the fetus

placenta

Neonatal Herpes

-survival rate of ___%

-newborns infected from HSV exposure during ___

-40%

-delivery

Neonatal Herpes

-diagnosed by ___ tests and fluorescent antibody tests

PCR

Neonatal Herpes

-treatment with ___ acyclovir

intravenous acyclovir

Genital Warts

-also known as condyloma acuminate

-caused by human ___

-human papillomaviruses

Genital Warts

-visible warts caused by serotypes __ and ___

6 and 11

Genital Warts

-treatment via ___ of warts; podofilox and imiquimod

removal of warts

Genital Warts

-prevention with the ____ and cervarix vaccines

-Gardasil vaccine

Candidiasis

-fungus

-caused by C. ___

-grows on the mucosa of the ___, the intestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract

-C. albicans

-mouth

Candidiasis

-due to optimistic overgrowth caused by:

-antibiotic use

-____

-hormones

diabetes

Candidiasis

-oral candidiasis:____

-vulvovaginal candidiasis: ___

-thrush

-vaginitis

Candidiasis

-yeasty, thick, yellow ____

treatment with clotrimazole or ____

-discharge

-fluconazole

The TORCH Panel of Tests

-panel of tests that screens for ___ to infections in pregnant women

antibodies

The TORCH Panel of Tests

Toxoplasmosis

O___

Rubella

C____

Herpes simplex virus

-other

-Cytomegalovirus

What is the intent of the TORCH panel of tests?

To screen for diseases that may endanger a fetus or newborn

What changes in the vaginal bacterial microbiota tend also to favor the growth of the yeastCanidida albicans?

Death of bacteria