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When do we use NMES or EMS?
after injury such as CVA or prolonged immobilization
What is the purpose of a NMES or EMS?
e-stim to generate muscle contractions via stimulation to increase strength or re-educate muscles
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) uses NMES to elicit what?
contractions during functional movements and movement patterns
What are tetanic contractions?
when we increase the frequency of stimuli progressively fuses the individual muscle twitches to a point where individual muscle twitches are not discernible
What does the frequency have to be to generate a tetanic contraction?
33 Hz
What are the principles of innervated muscle?
NERVES are being stimulated
Strengthen weakened muscle
re-educate muscles
treat muscle spasms
muscle pump
SC injuries
What are the principles of denervated muscle?
MUSCLE is being stimulated
minimize / prevent atrophy, possible while nerves regenerate
prevent loss of contractile strength and muscle fiber size
prevent / limit edema and venous stasis
In regards to ES use for denervated muscles, what can be some issues that can occur?
ES may interfere with nerve regeneration thus delaying functional return
electrically evoked muscle contractions may disrupt the regenerating neuromuscular junction slowing re-innervation
may traumatize denervated muscle since it is more sensitive to trauma than normal tissue
Can you substitute normal muscle innervation with ES?
NO, b/c you are stimulating the muscle directly as it’s not the same as stimulating the nerve attached to the muscle
Denervated muscle even aided with ES, can lose what?
leakage of AcH and degenerates
What is the waveform, amplitude, frequency, and pulse width for denervated muscles?
waveform = continuous DC or pulsed DC
amplitude = enough to cause a tetanic contraction
frequency = at least 33 Hz
Pulse width = must be long
Does ramp time matter with denervated muscle?
no because denervated muscles does not accommodate
Where is the location of stimulation for denervated muscles?
a tap key will be used to facilitate easy moving of stimulation over appropriate motor points without the need to be constantly moving electrodes
Dispersive pad should be placed somewhere distant from the treatment site
What should be the duration of treatment for denervated muscle?
3 sets of 10-20 reps daily (up to 3x a day if possible) or until motor point is fatigued
What is Bell’s Palsy?
unilateral facial paralysis caused by involvement of the facial nerve (CNVII)
What are accepted interventions for Bell’s Palsy?
electrical stimulation with DC to muscles directly or
AC to facial nerves
What are some issues with ES in Bell’s Palsy treatment?
small size and proximity of the facial muscles makes it difficult to isolate and stimulate specific muscles
application of neuromuscular retraining including electrical stimulation for facial paralysis can effectively reduce complications after facial nerve injury
billing issues as some third party payer do not reimburse for charging for ES
What are indications for using ES on a Bell’s Palsy pt?
DC can be used to reduce atrophy and facilitate muscle strengthening to muscles that have lost their peripheral nerve supply
What are contraindications for using ES on a Bell’s Palsy pt?
same as general contraindication for normal ES
be extra cautious of skin irritation when using this mode of ES as galvanic DC can cause skin irritation
What is the purpose of using Russian stim?
improve motor recruitment
facilitate muscle hypertrophy (increase strength of normal muscle)
improve strength
What kind of current and frequency is used when using Russian stim?
AC
medium frequency
What is the amplitude, pulse rate, and pulse duration for Russian stim?
amplitude = tetanic muscle contraction
pulse rate = at least 33 Hz
PD = 150-200 msec
Why would we higher the pulse duration in Russian stim?
if we want to decrease spasm/spasticity by fatiguing the muscle
Current can be applied to provide stimulation for strengthing during the follow volitional activities…:
isometric exercises at various points through the range
slow isokinetic exercise
short arc joint movement where movement is restricted
Describe the duty cycle for exercise mode in Russian Stim.
ramped 1-5 sec
10 sec on, 50 sec off
10-20 minutes of treatment time, or until muscle fatigues
Describe the duty cycle to decrease spasm / spasticity in Russian stim.
ramped 1-5 sec
10 sec on, 10 sec off
treatment time = until muscle fatigues
Describe the electrode placement for Russian stim.
monopolar with small pad over muscle’s motor point and larger pad (4x larger) elsewhere
bipolar = utilizes 2 equally seized electrode (at least one pad width apart) over muscle belly
Is it important to recognize the anode and cathode in Russian Stim? Why?
no, because each electrode plays the dual role of anode and cathode in the application
What should be considered when selecting the size of electrode in Russian Stim?
the size or surface area should resemble the size of the area that you wish to stimulate
In regards to the size of the electrode in Russian stim, the larger the current amplitude, the ___________ the stimulating surface area.
what can happen if you choose an electrode that is too small?
larger
may cause pain to the pt as well as a thermal skin burn
Describe the positioning of the electrodes in Russian stim.
the interelectrode distance influences current dispersion
the greater the interelectrode distance, the deeper into the tissue the current penetration
the close the electrode placement, the more superficial the stimulating effect
no closer than the diameter of the smallest electrode
What is the purpose of iontophoresis?
to transfer medical agents through the skin for therapeutic purpses
repel like ions
What kind of current does iontophoresis use?
DC
Describe the roles of the anode and cathode for iontophoresis.
anode (+) = used to repel medications that are positively charged transdermally
cathode (-) = used to repel medications that are negatively charged transdermally
Where is medication and saline applied to in iontophoresis?
medication = to the side of the pad with the same charge
saline = to the side of the pad with the opposite charge
Acetate
(-) charge
dissolves calcium deposits in soft tissues (i.e tendons, ligaments)
Dexamethasone
(-) charge
anti-inflammatory
Glucocorticoid
(-) charge
anti-inflammatory
Salicylate
(-) charge
decreases local pain and inflammation
Hydrocortisone
(+) charge
anti-inflammatory
Hyoluronidase
(+) charge
anti-inflammatory
Lidocaine
(+) charge
decreases local pain
Zinc
(+) charge
enhances tissue healing
What are indications of iontophoresis?
decrease pain, inflammation, edema
hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
softening of cutaneous tissue
and bactericidal
What are contraindications of iontophoresis?
allergy or hypersensitivity to the ions used
over scar tissue / bruises / broken skin
impaired skin sensation
metal in or near treatment area
What is high volt galvanic stimulation used for?
edema reduction and wound healing
What kind of current is used in HVPC?
direct but is pulsed for decreased risk of burns
Describe HVPC tissue impedance.
encounters very low impedance making it comfortable for the pt and effective
Describe the anode and cathode for edema reduction in HVPC.
edema is negatively charged, so use a monopolar set up with the cathode pads over the swollen area to repel the fluid
the anode dispersive pad (+) is positioned closer to the heart than the treatment site to attract edema
Describe the cathode for infected wounds in HVPC.
use the cathode (-) as active pad
What is the polarity within the inflammatory phase?
negative
What is the polarity within the proliferation phase?
positive
What are contraindications of HVPC?
general ES contraindications
malignancies
osteomyelitis
some metal ions (zinc, silver)
electronic implants
What are the uses for microcurrent?
no muscle contraction
analgesia
fracture healing
wound healing
tendon and ligament healing
What is the waveform for non-invasive fractures?
wear on skin near fracture sit, biphasic AC or pulsed DC
What is the waveform for invasive fractures?
implanted devices after spinal fusion surgery, DC
What is the use of biofeedback?
the use of instrumentation to bring specific events to conscious awareness
utilized to receive info related to motor performance, kinesthetic performance, or physiologic response
allows pts to make small changes in performance and provides immediate, real-time feedback
Describe biofeedback uses for muscle relaxation.
start with electrodes closer together and a low sensitivity
progress to higher sensitivity with electrodes further apart
may also use imagery or other relaxation techniques
Describe biofeedback uses for muscle re-education.
start with electrodes farther apart and high sensitivity
progress to a lower sensitivity with electrodes closer
also progress to functional movements with muscle contraction
may use facilitation techniques (tapping, vibration)
What are therapeutic effects of biofeedback?
decreased accessory muscle use
decreased muscle spasm
decreased pain
improved muscle strength / recruitment
muscle relaxation
neuromuscular control
What are indications for biofeedback?
bowel / bladder incontinence
hemiplegia
impaired motor control
muscle spasm
muscle weakness
pain
SCI
What are contraindications for biofeedback?
dermatological condition (eczema, psoriasis)
allergy to electrodes
pts who cannot understand the instructions
pts with pacemakers
not over the eyes or other sensitive tissues