Week 7: Gender at the Intersections

1. female identity for 4 years

2. show testosterone levels remain below a certain level for one year

How are women who previously identified as male able to compete in women’s olympics? [2]

Sex

A biological identity that is based on physical or biological differences and that can be divided into the main categories of male and female.

Gender

A social concept that includes all social patterns associated with being male or female and that ranges from masculine to feminine. IN focuses on differences that are social and cultural, not biological

Race and ethnicity

IN many ways, the difference between sex and gender mirrors the difference between:

Perceived physical differences

Sex is based on

Transgender

Refers to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex. However, this definition can be too simplistic

Transgender (or trans) Umbrella

A term used to encompass the variety of different sexual expressions in modern society.

1. trans/transgender

2. two spirit

3. transfeminine/transmasculine

4. mulitgender

5. trans man/trans woman

6. gender fluid

7. agender

8. gender queer

Terms under the trans umbrella [8]

1. our parents hold certain ideas about gender-appropriate behaviour that they teach us

2. Gender through socialization in schools

3. Sam-sex social circles in early school years

4. Media

5. workplace and familial roles

6. social institutions

How are gender roles enforced? [6]

Gender roles

The behaviours and mannerisms that people learn as being appropriate to their respective genders that are reinforced by cultural norms.

Sometimes the front stage is living up to the expected gender norms and the backstage reveals a different set of gender displays

The dramaturigcal perspective (Goffman) and gender

Performativity

Judith Butler’s term to describe the repeated rituals that create and sustain gender through performance

Costs of masculinity

Messner’s concept that there are rules to mascuinity and what men can be and do. For example, masculinity is defined by external success; men must avoid everything feminine and are expected to be aggressive and show little emotion

Feminism

The various movements and ideologies that seek to define, confirm, and protect equal political, economic, and social rights for women. Is sometimes understood as occurring over three waves of activism.

1. politics

2. economic system

3. through social and cultural change

Feminism focuses on attaining equality in [3]

1. education

2. workplace

3. family

Feminism seels equality for women in multiple areas, including [3]

How gender inequality comes about in society and how gender roles are created and recreated in society.

Feminist theory focuses on:

De jure inequalityies; inequalities that are part of the legal and political system (nineteenth century)

First wave of feminism focused on:

Broadened beyond political and legal rights and sought social change on a wide range of issues, inclusing equality in the workplace and reproductive rights. Also concerned violence against women, including sexual violence and spousal abuse. (early 1960s)

Second wave feminism focused on:

Arose as a critique of the second wave. Challenges what it sees as the essentialist nature of second-wave’s definitition of what it means to be a woman. MOved away from social and political rights, and tends to work in cultural arenas (1990s-present)

Third wave feminism focuses on:

Intersectionality

Crenshaw’s term for the study of how various dimensions of inequality can combine. Is a product of feminism’s third wave.

Interacting wit agents of socialization (friends, family, peers)

Ideas of sex and gender are socially constructed and created through:

Give different amounts of attention, reward different behaviours, and teach different skills to boys and girls

How do parents enforce gender? [3]

1. terminology (defencemen)

2. negative connotations (you throw like a girl)

how are sports gendered on a micro level [2]

sports are gender-unequal (top athletes earning less)

Sports coverage (male dominated)

How are sports gendered on a macro level [2]

1. changing norms of women’s roles

2. changing economy

reasons for more women joining labour force [2]

1. performing different kinds of jobs

Reasons for income discrepency between men and women

Teaching, nursing, social work, clerical services, and sales [50% of women]

Women tend to work jobs such as: [5]

management, natural sciences, construcion, resource extraction, trades

18% are concentrated in these industries [5]

The difference is, in part, explained by the higher rate of unionization in construction jobs than in sales work, which increases their wages

Why would a construction worker be paid more than a sales person?

1. gender concentration manog the people emplayed

2. work can be imbued with gender meaning and defined in gendered terms (women doing more “Caring” professions)

How work is gendered in two ways

Feminization

The process of a job/industry being dominated by or predominantly associated with women. Are referred as “pink collar”

1. prestige

2. wages

3. required skill level

4. opportunities for promotion

Feminized job lose: [4]

bank tellers, secretaries, teachers, family doctors

Jobs that have been feminized: [4]

Double shift (Second shift)T

Hoschschild’s concept that women in heterosexual dual-income households often apend significantly more time on household tasks and caring work than their partners do in addition to their work in the paid workforce

our traditional understanding of gender roles whereby we expect women to do domestic work regardless of their labour outside the home

The imbalance in double shift is caused by:

100 years.

At the current rate of change, how long will it take to reach gender parity in parliament?

1. not enough connections to be nominated

2. unable to afford the expense of running for office

3. traveling and other demands that compete with family obligations

why are fewerwomen elected to political office than men? [3]

sexuality

Feelings of sexual attraction and behaviours related to them

Sexuality

A person’s sexual identity, expressed in terms of whom a person desires, wants to have sex wih, and feels a sense of connectedness with

Kinsey Reports

The name gien to Kinsey’s two books on uman sexuality, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953)

there was much more diversity in sexual desire and behaviour than previously thought

Kinsey’s report showed that:

Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating scale

Kinsey’s seven-point scale of sexual inclinations. Instead of thinking of people as gay or straight, he argued that they simply have life histories that express different desires. People can have more or less homo/hetero desires or experiences, but these things are not always related.

0 Exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual tendencies

1 Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual

2 Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual

3 Equally heterosexual and homosexual

4 Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual

5 Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual

6 Exclusively homosexual with no heterosexual tendencies

Seven points of kinsey’s scale

Homophobia

The negative attitudes and feelings, ranging from antipathy to hatred, towards homosexuality or people of 2SLGBTQI+

Hate crimes

Sometimes homophobia can manifest as

1. more education

2. higher incomes

3. live in urban settings

4. having a personal connection

5. people with high self esteem

Who are less likely to be homophobic? [5]

Heteronormative

The social institutions, practices, and norms that support the assumption that people are or should be heterosexual