Early Childhood

Play age

3 - 5 yrs

Initiative vs Guilt

Crisis in Play age

Purpose

Virtue developed in Play age

The courage to envision and pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilt or fear of punishment

Ruthlessness

A maladaptive tendency that don’t care who they step in just to achieve their goals In

Inhibition

Malignant tendency that too much guilt to do anything so nothing would happen

Family

Significant person

Theory of Sexual Selection

The selection of sexual partners is a response to differing reproductive pressures early men and women confronted in the study for survival

Identification

Adaptation of characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent o f the same sex

Gender Constancy

A child’s realization that his or her gender will always be the same

Gender identity

Awareness of one’s own gender and that of others, which typically occurs ages 2 and 3

Gender Stability

Awareness that gender does not change

Gender consistency

The realization that a girl remains a girl if she has a short haircut and pkays with trucks, typically occurs between ages 3 and 7

Gender-Schema Theory

It views children as actively extracting knowledge about gender from their environment before engaging in gender-typed behavior

Night terror

Abrupt awakening from a deep sleep in a state of agitation generally occurs in young children.

Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, and night terrors

They all occur during slow wave sleep and are more common when children are sleep deprived, have a fever or are on medications, or when conditions are noisy.

Sleepwalking

Walking around and sometimes performing other functions while asleep

Sleeptalking

Talking while asleep

Enuresis

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed

Nightmares

Common during early childhood, peaking between 6 to 10 years old.

It could also be related to difficult child temperament, high overall childhood anxiety, and bedtime parenting practices that promote dependency.

Gross motor skills

Physical skills that involve the large muscles

Fine motor skills

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

System of action

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

Handedness

The preference for using one hand over the other, is usually evident by about age 3.

Age 6

Permanent teeth will begin to appear

Accidents

The leading cause of death in the United States for children ages 5 to 12 years old.

Preoperational thought

Beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior

Symbolic Function & Intuitive Thought

Preoperational Thought is divided into two ____ & _____

Symbolic Function

Being able to think about something in the absence of sensory or motor cues

Deferred imitations

Children imitate an action at some point after observing it

Pretend play

Fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary plat; children use an object to represent something else

Language

The most extensive use of symbolic function

Intuitive thought

Begin to use primitive reasoning and ask many questions, often seeking explanations for the world around them.

Transduction

They mentally link two events, especially events close in time, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.

Identities

The concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in outward form, size, or appearance

Animism

Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

Centration

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

Decenter

Children cannot do this; think about several aspects of a situation at one time

Irreversibility

Failure to understand that an action can go in two or more directions

Egocentrism

Young children center so much on their own point of view that they cannot take in another’s

Conservation

The fact that two things are equal remain so if their appearance is altered, as long as nothing is added or taken away

Theory of mind

The awareness of the broad range of human mental states - beliefs, intents, desires, dreams, and so forth — and the understanding that others have their own

Fast Mapping

Allows a child to pick up approximate meaning of a new world after hearing it only once or twice in conversation

Syntax

A concept and involves the rules for putting tofether senteces in a particular language.

Pragmatics

Practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate

Social speech

Speech intended to be understood by a listener

Private speech

Talking a loud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others or to regulate one's own behavior and thoughts.

Emergent Literacy

Development of fundamental skills that eventually lead to being able to read

Self concept

Our total picture of our abilities and traits and how we perceive ourselves in relation to others.

Self Esteem

Self-evaluative part of the self-concept, the judgement children make baout their overall worthand value as individuals.

Social Cognitive Theory

Observation enables children to learn much about gender-typed behaviors before performing them.

Functional Play (Locomotor Play or Sensorimotor Play)

Simplest level'; begins during infancy, consisting of repeated practice in large muscular movements

Constructive Play (Object Play or Practice Play)

Involves creating something new using various materials, promoting problem-solving and creativity.

Dramatic play (pretend play, fantasy play, imaginative play)

Involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles to express feelings or explore social roles.

Formal Games

Organized games with rules, procedures, and penalties

Unoccupied Behavior

Child did not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest

Onlooker Behavior

Child Spends most times watching others play

Solitary Independent Play

Child plays alone

Parallel Play

Plays beside the other children independently while occasionally interacting with them.

Associative play

Children talk, borrow, and lend toys follow each other around and play similarly

Cooperative or Organized Supplementary Play

Child plays in a group organized for some goal — to make something, play formal game, or dramatize a situation.

Reticent Play

Combination of unoccupied and onlooker categories is often a manifestation of shyness

Social play

Involves interaction with peers

Constructive play

Combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

Games

Activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules

Gender segregation

A phenomenon wherein girls tend to select other girls as playmates and so boys

Discipline

Refers to methods of molding character and of teaching self-control and acceptable behavior

External Reinforcements

May be tangible or intagible; it must be seen as rewarding and received fairly consistently after showing desired behavior

internal Reinforcements

A sense of pleasure or accomplishments

Corporal Punishment

The use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain but not injury for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior

Inductive techniques

Designed to encourage desirable behavior or discourage undesirable behavior by setting limitsand providing explanations for rules.

Power Assertion

Intended to stop or discourage undersirable behavior through physicalor verbal enforcement

Withdrawal of Love

Include ignoring, isolatin, or showing dislike for a child