2.2 - European Colonization in North America

What were the three types of colonial charters granted by the monarch?

Corporate (joint-stock, e.g., Jamestown), Royal (direct king control, e.g., Virginia after 1624), Proprietary (individual charters, e.g., Maryland, Pennsylvania)

What was the role of joint-stock companies in financing English colonization?

They operated Corporate colonies like Jamestown, raising capital through investors

What crop saved Jamestown and who was responsible for its profitable cultivation?

Tobacco; John Rolfe and Pocahontas made it profitable

What was the headright system?

50 acres were given to anyone who paid for an immigrant's passage; led to indentured servants and enslaved Africans

What was the primary motivation for the settlers who founded the New England Colonies?

They sought religious freedom, primarily Protestants

Who were the Separatists (Pilgrims) and what colony did they found?

Settlers who wanted to separate from the Church of England; founded Plymouth Colony in 1620

What was the Mayflower Compact (1620)?

An early form of self-government established by the Pilgrims

Who were the Puritans, what colony did they found, and who was their leader?

They wanted to purify the Church of England; founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, led by John Winthrop

How did Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson contribute to the founding of new colonies?

They were banished from Massachusetts Bay; Williams founded Providence, Hutchinson founded Portsmouth (RI)

What was the significance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)?

First written constitution in America, led by Thomas Hooker

Why was Maryland founded and what religious legislation did it pass?

Founded as a haven for Catholics by Lord Baltimore; passed Act of Toleration (1649) guaranteeing Christian religious freedom

What made Pennsylvania unique, and who was its founder?

Founded by William Penn for Quakers; promoted religious freedom, liberal government, and fair treatment of Native Americans

Why was Georgia founded?

Founded in 1732 as a defensive buffer against Spanish Florida

What was the House of Burgesses (1619)?

First representative assembly in America, located in Virginia

What was mercantilism and how did colonies fit into this theory?

Economic theory: wealth from exporting more than importing; colonies provided raw materials and a market for English goods

What were the Navigation Acts (1650–1673)?

Laws to enforce mercantilism by regulating colonial trade

What was the policy of salutary neglect?

England’s practice of not strictly enforcing the Navigation Acts

What did Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) reveal?

Class tensions, frontier conflicts with Native Americans, and colonial resistance to royal control

Why did demand for enslaved Africans increase?

Less migration from England, need for dependable labor after Bacon’s Rebellion, and profitability of crops like rice and indigo

What was the Great Awakening?

A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s

Who were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield?

Prominent preachers and leaders in the Great Awakening

What was the political impact of the Great Awakening?

Encouraged independent thought in religion and politics

What problems did early Jamestown settlers face?

Disease, lack of work ethic, and conflict with Native Americans

What helped Jamestown survive?

Captain John Smith’s leadership and tobacco cultivation by John Rolfe and Pocahontas

In what colony was the first Thanksgiving celebrated?

Plymouth Colony

What was the early economy of Plymouth Colony based on?

Fish, fur, and lumber

Thomas Hooker founded what colony?

Hartford, Connecticut

Who was excluded from early colonial assemblies?

Women, servants, enslaved people, non-land-owning men, and Native Americans

What continents were involved in the triangular trade?

North America, Europe, and Africa

What was the Middle Passage?

Transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas