IH Bio Unit 1

same thing as the Quizlet but there's no paywall OR pics

Miller-Urey Experiment

Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere (early Earth).

Hydrogen Bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution; "salt".

Solvent

In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.

Solution

Result of the solvent & solution

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Low pH

acidic; higher concentration of H+

High pH

basic; lower concentration of H+

Buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

Methane

CH4

Acetylene

C2H2; H-C=C-H

Butadiene

C4H6

Benzene

C6H6

Biomolecules

organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose (singular sugar molecules)

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

Used for energy & structural purposes (C^1:H^1:O^1). Monomers: monosaccharides, polymers: polysaccharides.

Lipids

A large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water (CHO). Monomers: glycerol & fatty acids, polymers: triglyceride

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids that perform various functions (CHON). They are a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides (protein structure). Monomers: amino acids, polymers: polypeptides

Nucleic Acids

Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides (CHONP). Monomers: nucleotides (phosphate, sugar); polymers: DNA, RNA

Protein Structure

Peptide bonds are formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid during a dehydration reaction.

Protein Folding

The physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic three-dimensional structure, which is essential to the protein's function.

primary protein structure

sequence of a chain of amino acids

secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence (chain) of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein structure

secondary structures bend & twist together to create a 3d shape called the tertiary structure.

quaternary protein structure

Tertiary chains combine to create the final shape, AKA the quaternary structure.

Enzymes

Lower activation energy & speed up chemical reactions in cells

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. They work by lowering a reaction's activation energy. (ex., enzyme)

Activation Energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Active Site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

Chemical reactions that release energy…

often occur spontaneously.

Chemical reactions that absorb energy…

often require an energy source.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscopic lens & was the first person to discover microorganisms

Robert Hooke

Discovered cells (via cork)

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria; single-celled, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Animals; multi-celled, has a nucleus & organelles.

Nucleus

Controls most cell processes & contains DNA

Ribosomes

where protein synthesis occurs

Cytoplasm

The portion of the cell outside the nucleus. A jelly-like fluid that fills space

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough = modifies proteins (into vesicles), Smooth = makes lipids (vesicles)

Golgi apparatus

Packages & ships proteins/lipids

Mitochondria

Makes energy (ATP) from glucose for the cell to use

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell (chemical energy); IN PLANTS ONLY

Lysosomes

Organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell; IN ANIMALS ONLY

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of PLANTS and some other organisms, made of cellulose

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in ANIMAL cells only

Cytoskeleton

Cell's "skeleton", composed of protein fibers that help with structure, and helps with structure; highway.

Microtubules

hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Endosymbiotic Theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes. The evidence seen was:

• Similar size to prokaryotes

• Have their own DNA & ribosomes

• Double membranes

Reactant

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction