Saponification

Saponification

is the procedure used to create soaps

Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, oils

Needed to make soap

Triglycerides are long carbon chains of fatty acids formed when they are combined with sodium or potassium hydroxides

are commonly used to prepare soaps

Saponification

The process of turning oils and fats into soaps by the action of aqueous alkolis

Example of Alkolis

KOH and NaOH

Saponification

is a hydrolysis process, according to the aforementioned reaction.

a hydroxide breaks the ester link between fatty acids and the triglyceride glycerol, resulting in the creation of _________________________

free fatty acids and glycerol.

In the process of saponification, it breaks the ester link between fatty acids and the triglyceride glycerol

hydroxide

Triglyceride in fat and oil are transformed into soap and glycerol when they interact with _________________

aqueous NaOH or KOH

Saponification Value

The quantity of base, such as KOH or NaOH, needed to saponify 1 mg of fat under specific circumstances

Saponification number also refers to ________________

saponification value

The amount of base needed decreases with

increasing glyceride

Shorter chain length goes hand in hand with

higher saponification

Significance of saponification value

> The MOLECULAR MASS of glycerides has an INVERSE RELATIONSHIP with the SAPONIFICATION VALUE. The saponification value increases with decreasing molecular weight.
> Saponification value aids in calculating the necessary amount of base.
> The chain length can be calculated using the saponification value.
> It offers details on how to calculate the number of fatty acids in fats or oils.

Step 1 of Saponification Mechanism

The ester group is being attacked by the nucleophilic hydroxide ion to create an intermediate.

Step 2 of Saponification Mechanism

Carboxylic acid and an alkoxide are formed when the intermediate rearranges by releasing the leaving group.

Step 3 of Saponification Mechanism

The carboxylic acid undergoes deprotonation to produce a carboxylate ion and alcohol when the hydrogen is removed.

Sodium Stearate (sodium salt of stearic acid)

NaOH hydrolyzes the glyceryl tristearate (the triglyceride of stearic acid

Sodium palmitate (sodium salt of fatty palmitic acid)

glyceryl palmitate saponified using NaOH in the form of caustic soda, lye or lime to produce it.

Methyl salicylate

When sodium NaOH and methyl salicylate combine, sodium salicylate solidifies into a thick white solid.

Methyl acetate

In the presence of NaOH, methyl acetate saponified to sodium acetate.

Methyl benzoate

Methyl benzoate and NaOH combine to produce methanol and water-soluble sodium benzoate.

Applications of Saponification

> making both hard and soft soaps
> extinguish for fire
> in the food sector

Extinguish for fire

The extremely flammable liquids are transformed into non-combustible soaps through saponification

In the food sector

Determine how much free fatty acid is contained in a given food product

Hard soaps are made up of

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Soft soaps are made up of

potassium hydroxide (KOH)