Jones- Intro, HT, and Pituitary

Where are hormones secreted into ____________.

Where are hormones secreted into ____________.

bloodstream

Endocrine vs. Neuronal Signaling:

1. Which is faster?

2. Which has a longer longevity?

3. Which is more widespread in the body?

1. neuronal

2. endocrine

3. endocrine

What are the 2 general classes of hormones?

lipid and water soluble

Steroid hormones are all dervied from _____________________.

cholesterol

Name the 5 steroid hormones:

1. progesterone

2. estrogen

3. testosterone

4. aldosterone

5. cortisol

Besides steroid hormones, what other hormones are lipid soluble? What are these hormones dervied from?

• thyroid hormones

• derived from tyrosine

Lipid soluble hormones use what kind of receptors?

nuclear or cytoplasmic (intracellular)

Water soluble hormones use what kind of receptors?

membrane

What are the 2 classes of water soluble hormones?

1. peptide hormones

2. monoamine hormones

Peptide hormones are derived from ______________________.

amino acids

What class of hormones has a longer half-life?

a. water soluble

b. lipid soluble

b

What class of hormones require proteins to transport them and what class floats freely?

lipid soluble require a protein

water soluble float freely

In the hypothalamus what are the two types of neurons? What regions of the HT correspond to those neurons?

• magnocellular neurons

  • paraventricular

  • supraoptic

• parvocellular neurons

  • arcuate

How do hormones get from the Arcuate in the HT to the anterior pituitary gland?

A portal system (hypophyseal)

CRH released from the hypothalamus causes what hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland?

ACTH

TRH released from the hypothalamus causes what hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland?

TSH

GnRH released from the hypothalamus causes what hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland?

LH and FSH

GHRH released from the hypothalamus causes what hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland?

Growth Hormone (GH)

Dopamine released from the hypothalamus constantly causes what hormone to be inhibited from the anterior pituitary gland?

prolactin

What two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland and are produced by magnocellular neurons?

1. ADH

2. Oxytocin

What are the 5 cell types of the anterior pituitary and the releasing hormone they release?

1. somatotropes- GH

2. Lactotropes- Prolactin

3. Gonadotropes- FSH and LH

4. Corticotropes- ACTH

5. Thyrotropes- TSH

What stimulates the release of ADH?

1. increase in plasma osmolarity

2. low BP

What are 2 actions of ADH?

1. water reabsorption

2. vasoconstriction

What receptors control the release of ADH?

1. osmoreceptors

2. baroreceptors

In a person with SIADH, what are their:

1. ADH levels

2. Plasma Osmolarity

3. BP

4. Urine Volume

5. Urine Osmolarity

1. high

2. low

3. high

4. low

5. high

In SIADH and Diabetes Insipidus what kills you?

SIADH- low POsm

DI- low BP

In a person with CENTRAL Diabetes Insipidus, what are their:

1. ADH levels

2. Plasma Osmolarity

3. BP

4. Urine Volume

5. Urine Osmolarity

1. low ADH

2. high POsm

3. low BP

4. high urine volume

5. low urine osmolarity

In a person with NEPHROGENIC Diabetes Insipidus, what are their:

1. ADH levels

2. Plasma Osmolarity

3. BP

4. Urine Volume

5. Urine Osmolarity

1. high ADH levels

2. high POsm

3. low bp

4. high urine volume

5. low urine osmolarity

What is the difference between Central and Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus?

In central DI the problem is in the brain, and you can’t produce ADH for some reason. In nephrogenic DI the problem is the receptors on your kidney can’t recognize ADH, but you can still produce it.

What main things stimulate the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

• sleep

• age

• low blood glucose

What are the direct and indirect actions (through IGF-1) of Growth Hormone?

Direct

• go to liver and other tissues to produce IGF-1

• anti-insulin effects

  • increase BG, increase fat breakdown

Indirect (aka through IGF-1)

• skeletal effects- increase cartilage and bone growth

• extraskeletal effects- increase protein synthesis

GH stimulates the release of what hormone in the liver and other tissues?

IGF-1

How is the release of growth hormone controlled? (aka negative feedback system)

• negative feedback from GH

• IGF-1 inhibits GH and GHRH

• IGF-1 activates somatostatin

Somatostatin has what effect on Growth hormone?

inhibits it's release

hyposecretion of GH BEFORE puberty causes ___________________.

pituitary dwarfism

Laron dwarfs is when what is defective?

GH receptors

african Pygmy is when there is a lack rise in ________ during puberty.

IGF

Low levels of GH when you’re an adult is not as serious, but may cause ___________________.

hypoglycemia

What is the treatment for low levels of GH during puberty and adulthood?

Growth hormone replacement therapy

High levels of GH BEFORE puberty is called ________________.

Gigantism

High levels of GH AFTER puberty is called ________________.

Acromegaly

What are the symptoms of Gigantism and Acromegaly?

Gigantism- hyperglycemia, larger organs

Acromegaly- hyperglycemia, increased prolactin, prominent facial features/ thicker bones