Unit 7 Volcanoes, Igneous Rocks & Earthquakes (I) 24-25

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50 Terms

1

a'a

a high viscosity lava flow with a rough, jagged surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinkers

2

intermediate

composition of magma/lava with an even mix of silica, magnesium and iron

3

ash

smallest pyroclastic less than 2mm in diameter

4

mafic

composition of magma/lava with a low silica and gas content high in iron and magnesium which will be low in viscosity.

5

caldera

a large bowl shaped feature caused by the collapse of a volcano/surface after the magma chamber erupts and empties

6

cinder cone volcano

small volcanos built from pyroclastic material. A product of relatively gas-rich magma. They are very steep and have large craters.

7

kipuka

A small piece of land that is completely surrounded by lava flows

8

lahar

A lahar is a mudflow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material & water

9

lapilli

second smallest pyroclastic, usually vesicular, between 2mm-64mm in diameter

10

lava

liquid rock that has reached the surface and erupted from a volcanic vent.

11

lava block

Pyroclastic that is bigger than 64mm, solid irregular shaped piece of side of volcano

12

lava bombs

Pyroclastic that is bigger than 64mm, Ejected from a volcano while molten that takes on "football" shape as it cools in air

13

lava lake

a pool of lava that has collected in a crater or a caldera

14

lava trees

Lava surrounds the tree and cools on contact, leaving pillars of igneous rock once the lava flow drains away

15

lava tubes

A tunnel within a lava flow created where lava travels as a river of lava under the solidified surface.

16

magma

liquid rock located under ground

17

pahoehoe

a low viscosity lava flow that has a smooth (yet often wrinkled) surface

18

Pele's Hair

A delicate strand of volcanic glass, gold in color, created by wind blown lava

19

Pele's tears

a small, tear-drop shaped volcanic glass fragment created by lava splattering into air and cooling as it falls

20

pyroclastics

A general term for fragments of volcanic rock and lava that are blasted into the air (solid.)

21

pyroclastic flow

A ground hugging avalanche of hot pyroclastics and volcanic gas

flows down the side of the volcano at speeds of 100-430 mph and temperatures greater than 500° C

22

felsic

composition of magma/lava with a high silica and gas content low in iron and magnesium which will be high in viscosity

23

curtain of fire

lava eruptions from fissures (long cracks)

24

shield cone volcano

A volcanic cone with a large, broad base and gently sloped sides; results from effusive eruptions.

25

Stratovolcano (Composite Cone Volcano)

a large volcano with steep sides built of both lava flows and pyroclastics to form a classic triangle mountain shape

26

vesicular

texture of quickly cooled magma that contains a large amount of dissolved gasses that become trapped as bubbles

27

viscosity

a liquid's resistance to flow

28

volcanism

the activity of magma forming and coming toward surface

29

volcano

landform created when magma reaches the surface through an opening in Earth's crust

30

vent

The opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano

31

conduit

a channel connecting a magma chamber to the vent for erupting lava

32

decompression melting

melting due to a drop in confining pressure that occurs as mantle rock rises

33

effusive eruption

An eruption that yields mostly lava, not pyroclastics.

34

explosive eruption

an eruption that yields mostly pyroclastics, not much lava

35

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

A lung disease caused by the inhalation of ash

36

crater

A bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano's vent when a ring of eruption materials lands in a circle around it

37

partial melting

describes the incomplete melting of mantle rock due to different minerals in rock melting at different temperatures

38

batholith

A solidified magma chamber made of intrusive igneous rock

39

volcanic neck

hardened magma in a volcano's central conduit

40

seismograph

A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth

41

seismogram

the record of an earthquake's seismic waves

42

moment magnitude scale

A scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake

43

body waves

seismic waves that travel through the interior of the earth

44

surface waves

seismic waves that travel along the surface of the earth

45

Primary waves (P-waves)

a type of seismic body wave that cause particles in the ground to move in a compression-extension motion while transmitting the energy, similar to a coiled spring.

46

Secondary waves (S-waves)

a type of seismic body wave that cause particles in the ground to temporarily change shape while transmitting the energy, which can only happen in solids .

47

liquifaction

The process by which an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns loose soil and groundwater into liquid mud

48

Seismic Shadow Zone

Area where seismic waves aren't received from earthquake; P waves get refracted through the core; S waves don't travel through outer or inner core

49

Subsidence

a geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks

50

tsunami

A giant wave usually caused by an earthquake on a megathrust fault on subduction boundaries.