Chapter 4 Vocabulary

collaborative learning

learning that occurs when multiple individuals engage in cooperative, goal-directed problem solving

instructed learning

learning that involves direct, intentional transmission of information from one individual to another, with the learner attempting to understand the task or material from the teacher’s point of view

emulation

learning the involves focusing on the end result of the other individual's behavior, without recognizing the relation between the specific behavior and the intended goal

imitative learning

learning that involves reproducing another individual's behavior in order to achieve the same goal

contingent interaction

reciprocal actions and reactions that resemble the mutual give-and-take of conversation

zone of proximal development

the distance between what a child can do independently and what the child can do in interaction with an adult or a more advanced peer

intramental level

within the individual

intermental level

between people who are involved in social interaction

private speech

children frequently talk aloud to themselves as they play, explore, and solve problems

linguistic relativity hypothesis

differences in how languages encode the world are reflected in parallel differences in how speakers of the languages think

dynamic assessment

the practice of assessing children’s potential for learning with assistance, rather than their independent performance

social interaction

is conceptualized not simply as an external force that provokes change within the individual but as part of the mechanism of developmental change itself