Learning and Conditioning Final

Chapters 10, 11 and 12 of Learning and Conditioning 8th Edition by Chance and Furlong

Social

involving interactions with others

Generalized Imitation

the tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

Attentional Processes

the directing of attention to relevant aspects of a models behavior and its consequences

Motor Reproductive Processes

using the representations formed during retention to perform a modeled behavior

Observational Learning

learning by observing events and their consequences

Ghost Condition

an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model

Overimitation

the tendency of observers to imitate acts by a model that are irrelevant to obtaining reinforcement

Edutainment

materials that attempt to eduacte and entertain simultaneously

Learning Model

another name for an unskilled model

Retentional Processes

representing a models behavior in a way that aids recall

Imitation

behaving in a manner identical to the behavior of a model

Vicarious Reinforcement

an increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a mode

Motivational Processes

the expectation that a modeled behavior will be reinforced

Emulation

the ability to comprehend the goal of model and engage in similar behavior to achieve the goal without necessarily replicating the actions of the model

Operant Learning Model

the view that observational learning is a variation of operant learning

Vicarious Punisment

a decrease in the strength of an observed behavior following punishment of that behavior in a model

Social Observational Learning

learning from the observation of a model and the consequences of a models behavior

Asocial Observational Learning

learning from the observation of events and the consequences in the absence of a model

Differential Outcome Effect

the finding that discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers

Discrimination

the tendency to respond in the presence of certain stimuli but not in their absence

Inhibitor Gradient

a gradient showing decreased tendency to respond to the SΔ or CS- and stimuli resembling them

Simultaneous Discrimination

a discrimination training procedure in which the SD and SΔ are presented at the same time

Successive Discrimination

a discrimination training procedure in with the SD and SΔ are presented one after the other in random sequence

Discriminative Stimulus

any stimulus that signals either that a behavior will be reinforced or that it will not be reinforced

Stimulus Control

the tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of an SD but not in the presence of an SΔ

Excitatory Gradient

a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them

Mismatching

a variation of matching to sample in which reinforcement is available for selecting the comparison stimulus that is different from the sample

Generalization

the tendency for a behavior to occur in situations different from the one in which it was reinforced

Peak Shift

the tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding to shift away from the SΔ or CS

Stimulus Generalization

the tendency for a behavior that occurs in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of another stimulus

Transfer

generalizing information learned in one context to a new context

Errorless Discrimination

a form of discrimination training in with the SΔ is introduced in very weak form for short periods and gradually presented at greater strength for longer periods

Concept

any group or category in which the members share defining features

Oddity Matching

another term for mismatching

Matching to Sample

a discrimination training procedure in which the task to select from two or more comparison stimuli the one that matches a sample

Proactive Interference

when previous learning prevents current learning

Procedural Memory

“how-to” memory

State Dependent

learning that depends on the physiological state during learning

Gradient Degradation

a method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval

Free Recall

a method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the learned memory

Nondeclarative Memory

another name for memory that is implicit or unconcious

Retroactive Interference

when current learning prevents recall of previous learning

Paired Associate

a type of learning in which the subject is presented with the first item of a pair and is expected to produce the second term

Autobiographical

memory for events in one’s life

Distributed Practice

the opposite of massed practice

Overlearning

training beyond the point needed to obtain errorless performance

Semantic Memory

knowledge of the world

Cue Dependent

forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during the training

Mnemonics

memory devices

Context

stimuli present at learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned

Declarative Memory

semantic and episodic memory make up this

Retention Interval

a period in which learning or practice of a behavior does not occur

Forgetting

deterioration in learned behavior following the retention interval

Fluency

the rate of performance

Cued Recall

a method of measuring forgetting in which hints (prompt) about the behavior to be performed are provided

Episodic

another name for autobiographical memory

Recognition

a measure of memory in which a stimulus previously experienced is identified

Relearning

a method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is learned to criterion before and after a retention interval