for quiz 3/31

how many current infections of TB are there?

2 billion current infections

TB is the leading cause of death of people with ___

HIV

what is the name of the bacteria that gives Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

what type of cell wall does Mycobacterium tuberculosis have?

acid-fast cell wall

what type of aerobe or anaerobe is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

obligate aerobe

does Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a slow or fast growing time?

slow growing time

what is the ID for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

10

what does ID stand for?

infectious dose

it is the number of cells you have to get into lungs for a disease to happen

Mycobacterial cell walls do what?

resist phahocyte digestion

resist antibiotics

resist acidic and alkaline enviornments

resist toxic oxygen species

after exposure to M. tuberculosis, what will happen? how many will develop primary infection?

70% will not develop infection

30% will develop primary TB infection

what does it mean to have primary TB infection?

TB test is positive, tubercle found on X-ray, infection is contained and person is not contagious

of the 30% that develop primary TB infection, what happens next?

90% have latent TB infection (not causing active disease immediately)

10% develop primary active TB disease

what test helps to have early detection of TB?

TB test (PPD)

inject protein right beneath the skin

if body has come into contact with TB, there will be a large inflammatory response

what is a TB blood test?

you take a blood sample and find TB antigens

measure t-cell production of cytokine interferon gamma

what happens to a person that has Primary and Secondary Active Disease

can happen anywhere from 3 months to 2 years post infection

immune defenses cannot keep bacteria in check

what are the signs of TB primary and secondary active disease

chronic cough with bacteria-laden sputum

chest pain

high fever

active lung tubercles

what is a tubercle?

mass of WBC surrounded by collogen and fiber

mass is very noticeable on x-ray

why do people die from TB? (and what does it have to do with the tubercles)

tubercles require so much energy that they just consume the tissue around them

LoF in organs

what is OR miliary TB?

when the tubercles are all over the lung, not just a concentrated spot

what is the treatment for TB?

common drugs (Rifampin, Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide)

6-9 month course of therapy

MDR is a concern!

what is Pnemonia?

inflammation of lungs, bronchioles and alveloi become fluid-filled

what is Pnemonia caused by?

bacteria, viruses, fungi

what is lobar, double, and broncheopneumonia?

lobar- one lung

double - both lungs

broncheopneumonia - in bronchi

who does Pneumonia most strongly effect?

kids and elderly

What are the two types of acquired pneumonia?

healthcare-aquired

community-acquired

Steptococcus pneumoniae is ______ aquired?

community

85% of the cases of pneumonia come from what bacteria?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

how is Streptococcus pneumoniae spread?

person to person

what bacteria causes Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

what causes tissue damage with Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

S. pneumoniae multiplies within and kills cells which causes imflammatory response and cytokine storm which leads to fluid accumulation in alveoli (diapedesis)

what are the signs and symptoms of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

high fever

chest pains

difficulty breathing

dark green or rust-colored sputum

because signs and symptoms of pneumonia and TB are similar, how would you determine what a patient has?

TB test

X-rays

what is the treatment for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

antibiotics

easily treated if caught early on

what does the prevention look like for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

vaccines

prevnar 13 (for children)

pneumovax (for elderly)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes what?

Primary atypical pneumonia

What are the signs/symptoms of primary atypical pneumonia

fever, fatigue, sore throat, dry-hacking cough

how do you diagnose primary atypical pneumonia?

the colony observation

the colonies look like fried eggs

what is the treatment for primary atypical pneumonia and why doesn’t penicillin work?

need an antibiotic that doesn’t have to do with peptidoglycan

what is different about the cell wall of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

no peptidoglycan

what are sources of enteric illnesses?

untreated/contaminated water

unwashed produce

undercooked meats

fecal-oral route

utensils touching raw foods

what is intoxication?

ingestion of toxin

toxin produced by bacteria outside, then ingested

what is infection?

ingestion of bacteria

toxin produced inside of you

which has a longer IP and recovery?

intoxication or infection?

infection

what are prominent clinical features of enteric illnesses?

fever

vomiting

abdomical pain

diarrhea

what is the gram and shape of Staphylococcus aureus

positive, cocci

what does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

boils, abscessesw

where is Staphylococcus aureus found?

nose (through a sneeze)

open abscess into protein-rich food

what is a unique feature of Staphylococus aureus?

salt-resistant

how quickly do signs and symptoms appear for a S. aureus intoxication?

within 1-6 hours

is S. aureus a rapid or slow recovery?

how many days?

rapid

1-2 days

does the S. aureus toxin have a small or broad temperature range?

broad temp range, (could make it through an oven, most common for foodborne intoxication)

what type of toxin is a S. aureus intoxication?

enterotoxin

what bacteria causes Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

what gram is clostridium botulinum and is it an obligate anaerobe or obligate aerobe?

gram positive

obligate anaerobe

what does Clostridium botulinum form?

spores

what is so terrible about Clostridium botulinum?

very strong exotoxins

one of the most potent toxins

you only need small amount to get sick and it’s very difficult to cook away

what are the signs and symptoms of C. botulinum?

impacts muscles (‘flaccid paralysis’, speech, vision, swallowing, breathing)

how quickly does death come with untreated C. botulinum?

within 1-2 days

what is hypotonia?

decreased muscle tone

describe what the C. botulinum toxin does?

in a cell synapse, the vessicle connects with the membrane through snap + snare proteins

the toxin will cut apart the snare and snap proteins

as long as the toxin is there, you’ll have the disease

why don’t you give kids honey?

it has the botulinum toxin in it

what is the treatment for C. botulinum intoxication?

antitoxins (antibodies) and mechanical ventilators

toxoid vaccines (only given to people with higher risk)

how is C. botulinum toxin used as therapy?

used medically for wrinkles (botox) and for cross eyes, muscle spasms, excessive sweating

what bacteria gives you Cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

what does Vibrio cholerae do?

forms a biofilm along intestines

produces cholera toxin (AB toxin)

gives you severe diarrhea

why do you loose so much water with the Vibrio cholerae toxin? what biologically at the cell level is happening?

a1 subunit puts a sugar on GTPase. adenylate cyclase makes cAMP. GTPase binds to adenylate cyclase to turn it on, and falls off to turn it off

a1 subunit binds to GTPase so its form changes. GTPase can’t fall off so adenylate cyclase is always on

the cell makes a bunch of cAMP. cAMP is an important regulator. it up regulates the cell making ion transporters (to transport ions out of cell)

the more ions outside of the cell to get more H2O, cell will take H2O from blood

what is the treatment and prevention for the Vibrio cholderae infection?

**treatment**:

rehydration via oral rehydration solution

antibiotics (not as much help)

**prevention**:

clean water, proper sanitation, vaccination

what does a nosocomial infection mean?

any disease that is acquired in a health care setting

what does a community-aquired (CA) infection mean?

any disease that is acquired in the community

what is an iatrogenic infection?

disease from a medical procedure

ie. major surgery, teeth cleaned

what is a dysbiotic infection?

disease that takes advantage of the normal microbiota being out of wack

anytime you take antibiotics, your gut is dysbiotic

what disease is a nosocomial, dysbiotic infection

Clostridium difficile

what gram stain and shape is Clostriudium difficile

does C. diff cause spores?

gram positive

bacillus

yes

what is the ID for C. difficile?

1 spore

what percentage of hospitalized patients get C. diff?

20%-40%

how might someone get C. diff in a hospital?

receive antibiotics

alteration of colonic microflora

C. diff exposure and colonization

Release of toxin A + toxin B

Colonic mucosal injury + inflammation

what happens biologically at the cell level with C. diff?

toxin A and toxin B , both toxins start to kill the cells which causes diapedesis leading to watery diarrhea

what bacteria causes mucosal damage?

Pseudomembranous colitis

what does Pseudomembranous colitis cause?

dialted colon

theres no way to expel stool or gas, it can rupture

what are the antibiotics used to try to treat C. diff?

metronidazole

vancomycin

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is found where?

poultry, unpasteruized milk, turtles + pet reptiles

what gram and shape is Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium?

gram negative

bacillus

does Salmonella have a high ID or low ID

high ID (over 1,000)

what bacteria causes Typhoid Fever?

Salmonella enterica serotype Typi

what does Salmonella enterica serotype Typi do to the body? (signs and symptoms)

high fever and vomiting

followed by bloody stools

rash, hemorrhage of intestines

blood clots

what antibiotic/drug can be used to treat Typhoid fever?

cephtriaxone

can typhoid fever be hosted by non-humans?

nope

humans are only host

what is ETEC enterotoxigenic E.coli?

traveler’s diarrhea

10-72 hrs IP

1-5 days of illness

what is EAEC enteroaggregative E.coli?

watery diarrhea w/ mucus or blood

8-48 hrs IP

3-14 days of illness

what is EPEC enteropathogenic E.coli?

severe acute watery diarrhea (common in infants)

9-12 hrs IP

12 days of illness

\*common cause of infant illness in developing world!

what is EIEC enteroinvasive E.coli?

watery diarrhea can progress to bloody diarrhea

10-18 hrs IP

4-7 days of illness

what type of E. coli is the most deadly?

EIEC enteroinvasive

what are the pathogenic strains of E. coli disinguished by?

O (cell wall) antigens

H (flagella) antigens

what can EIEC E. coli cause?

hemorrhagic colitis

should you use antibiotics on EIEC E. coli?

no! they will maek it worse

what can cause the stomach flu?

Rotavirus

how is the rotavirus spread? what is the ID?

fecal-oral route

ID of 10

what does the rota virus do biologically?

localizes in small intestine

destroys epithelial cells which leads to inflammation

decreases absorption of water, nutrients

abrupt onset of vomiting, frequent diarrhea

how long does the rota virus normally last?

3-8 days

is there a vaccine for gastroenteritis?

yes, there is a vaccine

one of the deadliest infections for children worldwide