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Arthrology
the study of joints
Articulation = ??
Joint
Joint
Where 2 bones meet
What are the features of arthrology
Linke skeletal system
Permit movement
protects organs
Bony Joints (synostosis)
immovable - formed by ossification of fibrous or cartilaginous joints
EX: mandible, epiphyseal line
Fibrous Joints (synarthrosis)
little/no movement - bound by collagen fibers
EX: Skull sutures
Cartilaginous Joints (amphiarthrosis)
little movement - bound by cartilage
EX: epiphyseal plate
Synovial Joints (diarthrosis)
freely moveable - fluid-filled cavity (most important to quality of life)
EX: elbow joint, hip joint, shoulder joint
What are the 3 fibrous joints
Sutures - Gomphoses - Syndesmoses
Fibrous Joints: Sutures
Skull - no movement because of really short fibers
EX: Serrate suture (coronal and sagittal)
Lap suture (squamos)
Plane suture (palatine processes of maxillae)
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
Attachment of tooth to socket (jaw) by tiny ligaments
EX: in teeth
Fibrous joints: Syndesmoses
Longer collagen fibers —> more mobility
EX: fontanels
interosseous membrane (radius/ulna & tibia/fibula)
What are the 2 cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses - Symphyses
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
Bound by hyaline cartilage
EX: rib 1 to sternum, epiphyseal plates
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
Bound by fibrocartilage
EX: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
Synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
Viscous/slippery = lubricant
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
Tendon
connects muscle to bone
Bursa
synovial fluid filled sacs = cushion/reduces friction
Meniscus
pad of fibrocartilage between bones = shock absorption, stability
Range of motion
degrees through which joint can move (Important to for performance assessment!!)
What is the range of motion for a joint determine by?
Structure/shape of the articular surfaces
Strength/tautness of ligaments
Muscles/tendons - pirs of muscles oppose each otther
Axes of rotation
Movements are described in reference to 3 anatomical planes
frontal - sagittal - transverse
What are the degrees of movement/freedom
Multiaxial - all 3 planes
Biaxial - 2 planes
Monaxial (uniaxial) - 1 plane
What are the 6 synovial joints
Ball-and-Socket - Condylar - Saddle - Plane - Hinge - Pivot
Synovial Joints: Ball-and-Socket
Multiaxial
EX: Shoulder, Hip (coxal)
Synovial Joints: Condylar (Ellipsoid)
Biaxial
EX: Metacarpophalangeal, TMJ (only moveable joint of skull)
Synovial Joints: Saddle
Biaxial
EX: Trapeziometacarpal (base of thumb), sternoclavicular
Synovial Joints: Plane (Gliding)
2 flat surfaces slide over one another
Biaxial
EX: Intertarsal, Intercarpal, Vertebral processes
Synovial Joints: Hinge
Monaxial
EX: Elbow, knee, interphalangeal
Synovial Joints: Pivot
Bones spins on axis
Monaxial
EX: Atlantoaxial joint, Radioulnar joint
Describe the anatomical position
all joints in zero position movements refer to moving to/from zero position
Flexion
Decrease angle of joint < 180 degrees
Extension
Straighten joint (return to zero)
Hyperextension
Increase angle of joint beyond 180 degrees (behind frontal plane)
Abduction
Away from midline
Adduction
Towards midline
Elevation
raise vertically in frontal plane
Depression
Lower vertically in frontal plane
Protraction
Movement anteriorly in transverse plane
Retraction
Movement posteriorly in transverse plane
Rotation
turning on fixed axis
Supination
Turns palms to face anteriorly
Pronation
Turn palms to face posteriorly
Ulnar flexion
Toward ulna
Radial flexion
toward radius
Opposition of thumb
move thumb to touch any finger tip
Dorsiflexion
elevate toes toward leg
Plantar flexion
toes pointed
Inversion
sole of foot medially
Eversion
sole of foot laterally