Joints - Anatomy Lecture final 1

Arthrology

Arthrology

the study of joints

Articulation = ??

Joint

Joint

Where 2 bones meet

What are the features of arthrology

Linke skeletal system

Permit movement

protects organs

Bony Joints (synostosis)

immovable - formed by ossification of fibrous or cartilaginous joints

EX: mandible, epiphyseal line

Fibrous Joints (synarthrosis)

little/no movement - bound by collagen fibers

EX: Skull sutures

Cartilaginous Joints (amphiarthrosis)

little movement - bound by cartilage

EX: epiphyseal plate

Synovial Joints (diarthrosis)

freely moveable - fluid-filled cavity (most important to quality of life)

EX: elbow joint, hip joint, shoulder joint

What are the 3 fibrous joints

Sutures - Gomphoses - Syndesmoses

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

Skull - no movement because of really short fibers

EX: Serrate suture (coronal and sagittal)

Lap suture (squamos)

Plane suture (palatine processes of maxillae)

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

Attachment of tooth to socket (jaw) by tiny ligaments

EX: in teeth

Fibrous joints: Syndesmoses

Longer collagen fibers —> more mobility

EX: fontanels

interosseous membrane (radius/ulna & tibia/fibula)

What are the 2 cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses - Symphyses

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Bound by hyaline cartilage

EX: rib 1 to sternum, epiphyseal plates

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Bound by fibrocartilage

EX: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

Viscous/slippery = lubricant

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Tendon

connects muscle to bone

Bursa

synovial fluid filled sacs = cushion/reduces friction

Meniscus

pad of fibrocartilage between bones = shock absorption, stability

Range of motion

degrees through which joint can move (Important to for performance assessment!!)

What is the range of motion for a joint determine by?

• Structure/shape of the articular surfaces

• Strength/tautness of ligaments

• Muscles/tendons - pirs of muscles oppose each otther

Axes of rotation

Movements are described in reference to 3 anatomical planes

frontal - sagittal - transverse

What are the degrees of movement/freedom

• Multiaxial - all 3 planes

• Biaxial - 2 planes

• Monaxial (uniaxial) - 1 plane

What are the 6 synovial joints

Ball-and-Socket - Condylar - Saddle - Plane - Hinge - Pivot

Synovial Joints: Ball-and-Socket

Multiaxial

EX: Shoulder, Hip (coxal)

Synovial Joints: Condylar (Ellipsoid)

Biaxial

EX: Metacarpophalangeal, TMJ (only moveable joint of skull)

Synovial Joints: Saddle

Biaxial

EX: Trapeziometacarpal (base of thumb), sternoclavicular

Synovial Joints: Plane (Gliding)

2 flat surfaces slide over one another

Biaxial

EX: Intertarsal, Intercarpal, Vertebral processes

Synovial Joints: Hinge

Monaxial

EX: Elbow, knee, interphalangeal

Synovial Joints: Pivot

Bones spins on axis

Monaxial

EX: Atlantoaxial joint, Radioulnar joint

Describe the anatomical position

all joints in zero position movements refer to moving to/from zero position

Flexion

Decrease angle of joint < 180 degrees

Extension

Straighten joint (return to zero)

Hyperextension

Increase angle of joint beyond 180 degrees (behind frontal plane)

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

Towards midline

Elevation

raise vertically in frontal plane

Depression

Lower vertically in frontal plane

Protraction

Movement anteriorly in transverse plane

Retraction

Movement posteriorly in transverse plane

Rotation

turning on fixed axis

Supination

Turns palms to face anteriorly

Pronation

Turn palms to face posteriorly

Ulnar flexion

Toward ulna

Radial flexion

toward radius

Opposition of thumb

move thumb to touch any finger tip

Dorsiflexion

elevate toes toward leg

Plantar flexion

toes pointed

Inversion

sole of foot medially

Eversion

sole of foot laterally