Bio Quiz #3

animal diversity, invertebrates, vertebrates

eukaryotic, multicellular, cells lack cell walls, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction, developmental strategies

What are the 6 characteristics of animals?

chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, crustaceans

what are the 4 major subphyla of arthropods?

D

Are animals

a) haploid single cellular

b) diploid single cellular

c) haploid multicellular

d) diploid multicellular

body plan

set of morphological and developmental traits

35

Approximately how many animal phyla are there?

symmetry, body tissues, body cavities

What are 3 ways that groups of animals can be differentiated based on body plans?

radial symmetry

When any plane passing through the central axis and can divide the body into several different parts

bilateral symmetry

involves the division of the animal through a sagittal plane, resulting in two mirror-image, right and left halves

diploblastic

consisting of 2 germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm)

triploblastic

layers consisting of 3 germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)

diploblastic

Are animals that have radial symmetry diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Are animals that have bilateral symmetry diploblastic or triploblastic?

posterior (dorsal)

back

anterior (ventral)

front

proximal

__nearer__ to the center of the body or the point of attachment.

distal

away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment.

superior (rostral)

top

inferior (caudal)

bottom

cleavage

rapid cell division in zygotes which follows fertilization forming an eight-cell stage then a blastula

blastula

embryonic stage consisting of a multicellular hollow ball of cells produced by cleavage

gastrula

embryonic stage consisting of different tissue layers; created through gastrulation

gastrulation

many of the cells at or near the surface of the embryo move to a new, more interior location.

blastocoel

a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity that forms in the blastula during very early embryonic development.

blastocoel, endoderm, ectoderm, archenteron, blastospore

What does a fully formed gastrula consist of?

archenteron

a cavity within the animal embryo

blastospore

opening by which the cavity of the gastrula

ectoderm

outermost tissue layer; covering embryo’s surface

endoderm

innermost tissue layer; lines digestive tube (archenteron)

mesoderm

middle layer; forms connective tissues

ectoderm

What layer of the embryo is this?

Can turn into:

* epidermic of skin
* nervous and sensory systems
* pituitary gland, adrenal medulla
* jaws and teeth
* germ cells

mesoderm

What layer of the embryo is this?

Turns into:

* skeletal and muscular systems
* circulatory and lymphatic systems
* excretory and reproductive systems (except germ cells)
* adrenal cortex

endoderm

What layer of the embryo is this?

Turns into:

* epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs
* epithelial of respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts and ducts
* thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands

coelom

fluid filled space/body cavity of an animal that contains internal organs such as digestive system

coelomate

these types of animals have the body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining derived from the mesoderm

endoderm

What layer of the embryo does the digestive tract derive from?

pseudocoelomate

these are animals that have false body cavities; the fluid filled body cavity (coelom) is not lined by a mesoderm

acoelomate

these animals lack a coelom all in all

ectoderm

in a coelomate what layer of tissue does the body covering come from?

mesoderm

in a coelomate what layer of tissue lines the coelom and suspends internal organs?

protostome

this means first mouth

arthropoda, nematoda

What are the two phyla of ecdysozoa?

deuterostomy

this means second mouth

protostome

Protostome or deuterostome?

* the eight-cell stage is spiral and determinate
* determinate meaning the cells already know which function they will serve for the body
* has to stay together to carry out any processes

deuterostome

protostome or deuterostome?

* eight-cell stage is radial and indeterminate
* indeterminate meaning the cells do not know what function they will serve for the body

protostome

protostome or deuterostome?

* in coelom formation solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

deuterostome

protostome or deuterostome?

* in coelom formation tge folds of archenteron form the coelom and are pushed further up into the coelom

protostome

protostome or deuterostome?

* the mouth will develop from the blastospore

deuterostome

protostome or deuterostome?

* the anus will develop from the blastospore

B

At what developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? A) Fertilization B) Cleavage C) Gastrulation D) Coelom formation

common ancestor

all animals share a _________

sponges

what animals are the basal taxon of animal phylogenies?

eumetazoa

this is a clade of animals will true tissues

bilaterians

most animals are _____

deuterostomia, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa

What are the three major clades of Bilaterians

A

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to animals (not observed in other taxa)? A) gastrulation B) multicellularity C) sexual reproduction D) heterotrophic nutrition

invertebrates

these account for 95% of known animal species; incredibly diverse

D

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between its lineages having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) a well-defined head or no head. C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. D) true tissues or no tissues

platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida, syndermata

What are the 4 phyla of lophotrocozoa?

porifera

Which phylum is this?

* ‘sponges’
* basal animals
* lack true tissues
* sedentary/sessile
* live in marine or freshwater
* suspension/filter feeders

ctenophora

Which phylum is this?

* comb jellies
* debate on their phylogeny
* basal eumetazoans
* diploblastic

Cnidaria

Which phylum is this?

* jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydras
* radial symmetry
* diploblastic
* sessile and motile forms
* body plan is sac with central digestive compartment
* single opening as mouth and anus

\

Cnidocytes

specialized neural cells that typify the phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, hydroids, and jellyfish)

bilaterians

Cnidarians are the sister taxa to _____

bilaterians

the majority of animals are ______

lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia

What are the three large clades of Bilaterians?

acoela

What is the basal bilaterian clade?

Bilaterians

Most of this species have:

* bilaterial symmetry
* triploblastic development
* true coelom
* digestive tract with two openings
* central nervous system

Lophotrochozoa

Which bilaterian clade is this?

* protostomy
* platyhelminthes (flatworms)
* Syndermata (previiously Rotifera; rotifers)
* Mollusca (molluscs)
* Annelida (annelids)

platyheliminthes

what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?

* flatworms
* bilaterial symmetry
* acoelomate
* aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats
* gastrovascular cavity with single opening
* some are parasitic
* trematodes
* tapeworms
* flukes

rotifers (syndermata)

what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?

* live in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats
* pseudocoelomate
* digestive tube with separate mouth and anus
* can reproduce by parthenogenesis

parthenogenesis

females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

mollusca

what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?

* gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
* most are marine
* ceolemate
* open and closed circulatory systems
* soft-bodied animals
* intelligence in cephalopods

annelida

what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?

* has two main groups: polychaetes and oligochaetes
* bodies composed of fused rings
* coelomate
* closed circulatory system

ecdysozoans

* most species-rich animal group
* protostomy
* ecdysis
* cuticle

ecdysis

shedding of cuticle

cuticle

tough outer coat (exoskeleton) providing support and protection

Nematoda

what ecdysozoa phyla is this?

* ‘roundworms’
* parasitic (live in body fluids and tissues of animals)
* reproduce sexually, by internal fertilization
* ex: trichinella spp., c. elegans (model organism)

arthropoda

what ecdysozoa phyla is this?

* segmented body plan
* hard exoskeleton (cuticle)
* open circulatory system
* specialized jointed appendages
* walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, defense

chelicerates, myriapods, crutaceans, hexapods

What are the4 major subphyla of arthropods?

chelicerates

horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites and spiders

myriapods

centipedes, millipedes

crutaceans

crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles

hexapods

insects and relatives

deuterostomia

what phyla is this

* shared developmental characteristics (deuterostomy)
* radial indeterminate cleavage
* formation of the anus from blastospore

echinoderms and chordates

What are the two phyla of deuterostomia

echinoderms

what phyla of deuterostomia?

* sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars and sea cucumbers
* slow-moving or sessile marine animals
* endoskeleton of ossicles
* hydrostatic skeleton
* external sexual reproduction

chordates

what phyla of deuterstomia?

* have 4 defining characteristics:
* notochord
* dorsal, hollow nerve cord
* pharyngeal slits
* post-anal tail

jaw, backbone, head

what characteristics do we share with chordates in our adult stage?

D

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?

A) Nematoda–roundworms, pseudocoelomate B) Cnidaria–radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms C) Platyhelminthes–flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate D) Porifera–gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

D

Why are humans considered members of the chordates when we have no notochord, pharyngeal slits, or muscular, post-anal tail?

A) Basal chordates show all of these traits. B) Other similar traits appear in humans. C) Our nerve cord has replaced the notochord. D) These chordate traits appear in human embryos.

lancelets

cepalochordata; a small, translucent, fish-like animal that is one of the closest living invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates.

* look like anchovies but not a fish
* they are filter feeders

tunicates

previously urochordata; built like a barrel.

* adults are filter feeders (catch nutrients in h2o)

monophyletic

what type of clade are chordates?

craniates

* chordates with a head
* derived characters:
* skull
* brain
* eyes and other sense organs
* higher metabolism than tunicates and lancelets (heart, red blood cells, kidneys)

hagfishes

myxini; are related to the lampreys and in general resemble eels but have a round mouth surrounded by barbels and that feed upon other fishes and invertebrates by boring into their bodies

vertebrates

craniates with a backbone; derived character is a vertebrae (enclose spinal cord)

lampreys

petromyzontida; eel-shaped fish with a skeleton made of cartilage, not bone.

gnathostomes

vertebrate with jaws

chondrichthyans

jawed cartilaginous fishes

osteichthyans

gnathostomes with bony endoskeleton