Studied by 3 people
eukaryotic, multicellular, cells lack cell walls, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction, developmental strategies
What are the 6 characteristics of animals?
chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, crustaceans
what are the 4 major subphyla of arthropods?
D
Are animals
a) haploid single cellular
b) diploid single cellular
c) haploid multicellular
d) diploid multicellular
body plan
set of morphological and developmental traits
35
Approximately how many animal phyla are there?
symmetry, body tissues, body cavities
What are 3 ways that groups of animals can be differentiated based on body plans?
radial symmetry
When any plane passing through the central axis and can divide the body into several different parts
bilateral symmetry
involves the division of the animal through a sagittal plane, resulting in two mirror-image, right and left halves
diploblastic
consisting of 2 germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm)
triploblastic
layers consisting of 3 germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)
diploblastic
Are animals that have radial symmetry diploblastic or triploblastic?
triploblastic
Are animals that have bilateral symmetry diploblastic or triploblastic?
posterior (dorsal)
back
anterior (ventral)
front
proximal
nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.
distal
away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment.
superior (rostral)
top
inferior (caudal)
bottom
cleavage
rapid cell division in zygotes which follows fertilization forming an eight-cell stage then a blastula
blastula
embryonic stage consisting of a multicellular hollow ball of cells produced by cleavage
gastrula
embryonic stage consisting of different tissue layers; created through gastrulation
gastrulation
many of the cells at or near the surface of the embryo move to a new, more interior location.
blastocoel
a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity that forms in the blastula during very early embryonic development.
blastocoel, endoderm, ectoderm, archenteron, blastospore
What does a fully formed gastrula consist of?
archenteron
a cavity within the animal embryo
blastospore
opening by which the cavity of the gastrula
ectoderm
outermost tissue layer; covering embryo’s surface
endoderm
innermost tissue layer; lines digestive tube (archenteron)
mesoderm
middle layer; forms connective tissues
ectoderm
What layer of the embryo is this?
Can turn into:
epidermic of skin
nervous and sensory systems
pituitary gland, adrenal medulla
jaws and teeth
germ cells
mesoderm
What layer of the embryo is this?
Turns into:
skeletal and muscular systems
circulatory and lymphatic systems
excretory and reproductive systems (except germ cells)
adrenal cortex
endoderm
What layer of the embryo is this?
Turns into:
epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs
epithelial of respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts and ducts
thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands
coelom
fluid filled space/body cavity of an animal that contains internal organs such as digestive system
coelomate
these types of animals have the body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining derived from the mesoderm
endoderm
What layer of the embryo does the digestive tract derive from?
pseudocoelomate
these are animals that have false body cavities; the fluid filled body cavity (coelom) is not lined by a mesoderm
acoelomate
these animals lack a coelom all in all
ectoderm
in a coelomate what layer of tissue does the body covering come from?
mesoderm
in a coelomate what layer of tissue lines the coelom and suspends internal organs?
protostome
this means first mouth
arthropoda, nematoda
What are the two phyla of ecdysozoa?
deuterostomy
this means second mouth
protostome
Protostome or deuterostome?
the eight-cell stage is spiral and determinate
determinate meaning the cells already know which function they will serve for the body
has to stay together to carry out any processes
deuterostome
protostome or deuterostome?
eight-cell stage is radial and indeterminate
indeterminate meaning the cells do not know what function they will serve for the body
protostome
protostome or deuterostome?
in coelom formation solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
deuterostome
protostome or deuterostome?
in coelom formation tge folds of archenteron form the coelom and are pushed further up into the coelom
protostome
protostome or deuterostome?
the mouth will develop from the blastospore
deuterostome
protostome or deuterostome?
the anus will develop from the blastospore
B
At what developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? A) Fertilization B) Cleavage C) Gastrulation D) Coelom formation
common ancestor
all animals share a _________
sponges
what animals are the basal taxon of animal phylogenies?
eumetazoa
this is a clade of animals will true tissues
bilaterians
most animals are _____
deuterostomia, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa
What are the three major clades of Bilaterians
A
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to animals (not observed in other taxa)? A) gastrulation B) multicellularity C) sexual reproduction D) heterotrophic nutrition
invertebrates
these account for 95% of known animal species; incredibly diverse
D
The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between its lineages having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) a well-defined head or no head. C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. D) true tissues or no tissues
platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida, syndermata
What are the 4 phyla of lophotrocozoa?
porifera
Which phylum is this?
‘sponges’
basal animals
lack true tissues
sedentary/sessile
live in marine or freshwater
suspension/filter feeders
ctenophora
Which phylum is this?
comb jellies
debate on their phylogeny
basal eumetazoans
diploblastic
Cnidaria
Which phylum is this?
jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydras
radial symmetry
diploblastic
sessile and motile forms
body plan is sac with central digestive compartment
single opening as mouth and anus
Cnidocytes
specialized neural cells that typify the phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, hydroids, and jellyfish)
bilaterians
Cnidarians are the sister taxa to _____
bilaterians
the majority of animals are ______
lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia
What are the three large clades of Bilaterians?
acoela
What is the basal bilaterian clade?
Bilaterians
Most of this species have:
bilaterial symmetry
triploblastic development
true coelom
digestive tract with two openings
central nervous system
Lophotrochozoa
Which bilaterian clade is this?
protostomy
platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Syndermata (previiously Rotifera; rotifers)
Mollusca (molluscs)
Annelida (annelids)
platyheliminthes
what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?
flatworms
bilaterial symmetry
acoelomate
aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats
gastrovascular cavity with single opening
some are parasitic
trematodes
tapeworms
flukes
rotifers (syndermata)
what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?
live in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats
pseudocoelomate
digestive tube with separate mouth and anus
can reproduce by parthenogenesis
parthenogenesis
females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
mollusca
what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
most are marine
ceolemate
open and closed circulatory systems
soft-bodied animals
intelligence in cephalopods
annelida
what Lophotrochozoa phyla is this?
has two main groups: polychaetes and oligochaetes
bodies composed of fused rings
coelomate
closed circulatory system
ecdysozoans
most species-rich animal group
protostomy
ecdysis
cuticle
ecdysis
shedding of cuticle
cuticle
tough outer coat (exoskeleton) providing support and protection
Nematoda
what ecdysozoa phyla is this?
‘roundworms’
parasitic (live in body fluids and tissues of animals)
reproduce sexually, by internal fertilization
ex: trichinella spp., c. elegans (model organism)
arthropoda
what ecdysozoa phyla is this?
segmented body plan
hard exoskeleton (cuticle)
open circulatory system
specialized jointed appendages
walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, defense
chelicerates, myriapods, crutaceans, hexapods
What are the4 major subphyla of arthropods?
chelicerates
horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites and spiders
myriapods
centipedes, millipedes
crutaceans
crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles
hexapods
insects and relatives
deuterostomia
what phyla is this
shared developmental characteristics (deuterostomy)
radial indeterminate cleavage
formation of the anus from blastospore
echinoderms and chordates
What are the two phyla of deuterostomia
echinoderms
what phyla of deuterostomia?
sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars and sea cucumbers
slow-moving or sessile marine animals
endoskeleton of ossicles
hydrostatic skeleton
external sexual reproduction
chordates
what phyla of deuterstomia?
have 4 defining characteristics:
notochord
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
post-anal tail
jaw, backbone, head
what characteristics do we share with chordates in our adult stage?
D
Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?
A) Nematoda–roundworms, pseudocoelomate B) Cnidaria–radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms C) Platyhelminthes–flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate D) Porifera–gastrovascular cavity, coelom present
D
Why are humans considered members of the chordates when we have no notochord, pharyngeal slits, or muscular, post-anal tail?
A) Basal chordates show all of these traits. B) Other similar traits appear in humans. C) Our nerve cord has replaced the notochord. D) These chordate traits appear in human embryos.
lancelets
cepalochordata; a small, translucent, fish-like animal that is one of the closest living invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates.
look like anchovies but not a fish
they are filter feeders
tunicates
previously urochordata; built like a barrel.
adults are filter feeders (catch nutrients in h2o)
monophyletic
what type of clade are chordates?
craniates
chordates with a head
derived characters:
skull
brain
eyes and other sense organs
higher metabolism than tunicates and lancelets (heart, red blood cells, kidneys)
hagfishes
myxini; are related to the lampreys and in general resemble eels but have a round mouth surrounded by barbels and that feed upon other fishes and invertebrates by boring into their bodies
vertebrates
craniates with a backbone; derived character is a vertebrae (enclose spinal cord)
lampreys
petromyzontida; eel-shaped fish with a skeleton made of cartilage, not bone.
gnathostomes
vertebrate with jaws
chondrichthyans
jawed cartilaginous fishes
osteichthyans
gnathostomes with bony endoskeleton
Note
Flashcard