what in the skibidi toilet rizz are beta decays
Atoms
smallest unit of matter that makes up all physical things
What makes up an atom?
Neutrons, Protons, Electrons
Neutrons
neutrally charged particles found in the middle of an atom (not charged)
Electrons
negatively charged particles found floating around the outer parts of an atom
Protons
positively charged particles found in the middle of an atom
What makes up the weight of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons. Electrons are so small that they basically don’t change the mass of an atom
Why are there charged parts in the atom?
Protons and Electrons are charged. Positive & Negative forces are what help atoms be attracted to each other to form different molecules
Elements
a group of the same atom
The type of element of an atom depends on how many protons, neutrons, and electrons it has
Substance
GROUP of different atoms or molecules together
The things that we see are because so many atoms are grouped together that it becomes visible
Diff between atoms, elements, and molecules
atom: 1 lego block
elements: a bunch of blue lego blocks stuck together or a bunch of red lego blocks stuck together
molecules: different colored lego blocks all sticking together
element: substances only made up of 1 type of atom
molecules: substances made up of different atoms bonded together
How many elements are in the periodic table?
Over a 100 right now, but new elements are being synthesized and
Change in protons =
Different elements
Change in neutrons =
ISOTOPES created
Isotopes
Same number of protons, (same element) but has a different weight. A different version of the element
Atomic mass
average of all the isotopes weighted by their % of prevalence
Change in electrons
IONs are created
Ion
positive & negative forces attract other elements to form molecules and bonds. There are several types of bonds
Neutral atoms
Has the same number of protons and electrons (cancels each other out)
Most atoms are not stable when they are neutral, so they lose or gain electrons to become stable
This creates a bond between the elements that have gained / lost electrons
If an element gains an electron, it becomes..
a negative ion
if an element loses an electron, it becomes a…
positive ion
How to find the number of neutrons?
Round atomic mass to the closest whole number
Subtract # of protons from atomic mass
Radioactive decay
unstable nucleus releases energy as protons, neutrons, or rays (changes atomic number and atom)
3 types of radiation
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma Rays
Alpha decay
Alpha particles: 2 protons + 2 neutrons (helium). Changes the element since two protons are removed
CHANGES ATOMIC NUMBER BY -2
Happens to release stability
Beta decay
Electron released when a neutron changes to a proton. This changes the element, since another proton is added.
CHANGES ATOMIC NUMBER BY +1
Happens to release stability
Gamma rays
Sometimes in order for a nucleus to become stable, it just releases excess energy in the form of gamma rays
These rays do not contain any protons or neutrons
CHANGE IN THE ATOMIC NUMBER: 0
Dot diagram
Element symbol, the outermost shell of the element’s electrons are modeled in a clockwise direction
Electron shells
organized in energy levels that can each hold a certain number of electrons. Once a shell is full, the electrons will be added to next level
Diagram energy level order (in to out)
2 8 8
Electron diagram drawing
Find element on periodic table, check electron count
Draw nucleus and rings around it
Add electrons on the rings
Shell limits are (2, 8, 8)
Valence electrons
number of electrons on the outermost shell of the diagram
Valence electrons importance
If the outer shell is not full, the atoms are not stable
The valence electrons determine what elements an atom can bond to form molecules
Elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to make their outer shell
Periodic table
Periodic table: chart of elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical & chemical properties
Used to determine relationships between the elements
PATTERNS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Valence electrons
Number of protons
Electron energy levels
Metals, non-metals, metalloids
State of matter
Physical and chemical properties
Very nice elephants make silly plans
Very = Valence electrons
Nice = Number of protons
Elephants = Electron energy levels
Make = Metals, non-metals, metalloids
Silly = State of matter
Plans = Physical and chemical properties
Metals
Luster
Ductile
Malleability
Conductivity
Metals vs other materials
Higher density
Greater strength
Higher boiling point
Higher melting point
Most are solid at room temperature
Non-metals
Does NOT conduct electricity
Does NOT luster
NOT ductile/ malleable
Many are gas at room temperature
Metalloids
Contains both metal & non-metal properties
diagonal line on the periodic table starting from boron in 1222
Semi-conductors
elements that conducts electricity at high temperatures but not at low temperatures
Luster
shiny, reflects light
Ductility
can be pulled into wires
Malleability
hammered into thin sheets
Conductivity
electricity and thermal energy pass through easily
if you had to create a new material to make a car engine, how could you use the periodic table to help you?
Choose elements with high melting points (e.g., tungsten, titanium).
Ensure strength and durability (e.g., iron, nickel, aluminum).
Prioritize corrosion resistance (e.g., chromium, platinum).
Use lightweight materials for fuel efficiency (e.g., aluminum, magnesium).
Ensure good thermal conductivity (e.g., copper, silver).
Avoid highly reactive or unsafe elements.