Ap Psych Unit 5

Mental & Physical Health

Health Psychology

is a subfield of psychology that focuses on how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness. It emphasizes the importance of behavior and psychological processes in the understanding and treatment of physical health.

Prolonged Stress

can have significant negative effects on physical health, contributing to conditions such as heart disease, weakened immune response, and other chronic illnesses.

Eustress

is a positive form of stress that can motivate individuals to perform better and enhance their quality of life. Unlike distress, eustress is perceived as beneficial and helps individuals cope with challenges.

Distress

is a negative form of stress that can lead to anxiety, decreased performance, and various health issues. It occurs when one feels overwhelmed and unable to cope with challenges.

PTSD

is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Symptoms include flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Adverse Childhood Experiences

(ACEs) are traumatic events occurring during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction. These experiences can have lasting effects on a person's health and well-being.

General Adaptation Syndrome

(GAS) is a three-stage response to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which describes how the body reacts to prolonged stress.

Fight-Flight-Freeze

response describes the body's physiological reaction to perceived threats, preparing an individual to either confront, escape from, or become immobile in the face of danger.

Alarm Reaction

is the initial stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome where the body responds to a stressor by activating the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate and adrenaline production.

Resistence

is the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, during which the body adapts to the stressor, stabilizing its functions while increasing resistance to stress.

Exhaustion

is the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, occurring after prolonged exposure to a stressor, where the body's resources are depleted, leading to decreased stress tolerance and potential health issues.

Tend-And-Befriend Theory

describes a behavioral response to stress characterized by seeking social support and nurturing others, particularly in women, as a way to manage threats.

Tending

refers to behaviors aimed at nurturing and protecting others, typically in response to stress, often seen in females.

befriending

is the process of seeking social contact and support from others when faced with stress, often used as a coping mechanism.

Coping Stratergies

are methods used to manage stress and its emotional, psychological, or physical effects. They can include problem-solving, seeking social support, and engaging in relaxation techniques.

Problem-Focused Coping

is a coping strategy that involves tackling a stressor directly by identifying and addressing the problem, often resulting in a more direct solution.

Emotion-Focused Coping

is a coping strategy aimed at managing emotional responses to stress rather than addressing the stressor directly. This may involve seeking support or trying to change one's emotional reaction.

Meditaion and Mindfulness

are practices aimed at enhancing awareness and focus while reducing stress and promoting well-being. They often involve techniques such as deep breathing, visualization, and mindful observation.

Physical Activity or Artistic Expression

are methods of coping that involve engaging in physical exercise or creative outlets to manage stress and improve emotional health.

Positive Psychology

is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and promotion of positive emotions, strengths, and factors that contribute to human flourishing and well-being.

Positive Emotions

are feelings that contribute to overall well-being, including joy, gratitude, and love, which can enhance motivation and resilience.

Charachter Strength

are individual traits or qualities that enable people to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to personal and communal well-being.

Resilience & Wellbeing

is the ability to bounce back from adversity and maintain positive mental health and well-being despite challenges.

Gratitude

is a positive emotion that involves recognizing and appreciating the good things in life, often leading to increased happiness and well-being.

Wisdom

is the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment, often linked to making sound decisions and understanding complex life situations.

Courage

is the ability to confront fear, pain, or adversity with confidence and determination, often leading to personal growth and resilience.

Humanity

is the quality of being compassionate and showing kindness towards others, emphasizing empathy and connection in human relationships.

Justice

is the principle of fairness and moral rightness in the treatment of individuals and the distribution of resources, ensuring that everyone receives what they are due.

Temperance

is the practice of self-control and moderation in the pursuit of pleasure, promoting balance and restraint in behavior and cravings.

Transendence

is the state of going beyond ordinary limits, often associated with a higher level of consciousness or spiritual awareness that elevates an individual's understanding and experience.

Postraumatic Growth

refers to the positive psychological changes that can occur as a result of experiencing trauma. It involves personal development in areas such as resilience, appreciation for life, and strengthened relationships.

Level of Dysfunction

is a measure of the extent to which an individual's mental or emotional functioning is impaired, affecting their ability to cope with daily life and relationships.

Perception of Distress

refers to an individual's subjective experience of discomfort or suffering, often related to mental health issues, stress, or trauma. It involves how one interprets and responds to distressing situations.

Deviation From Social Norms

is a concept in psychology that refers to behaviors or thoughts that differ from societal expectations and standards, often leading to classifications of abnormality.

Self-Fulfiling Prophecy

is a psychological phenomenon where a person's belief or expectation about another individual or event leads to behavior that causes the expectation to come true. This often influences both the perceiver and the target.

APA

is the American Psychological Association, an organization that sets standards for psychological research and publication, including guidelines for writing and citing sources.

DSM

is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental illnesses and provide standardized criteria.

ICD

is the International Classification of Diseases, a global health information standard for collecting, reporting, and analyzing health statistics, including mental health disorders.

Eclectic Approach

is a treatment approach in psychology that combines elements from different theories and therapies to tailor the best method for each individual client.

Behavioral Perspective

is a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors and the ways in which they're learned through interactions with the environment.

Maladaptive Learned

behaviors that disrupt an individual's ability to function effectively in daily life, often developed through conditioning or reinforcement.

Psychodynamic Perspective

is a psychological approach that explores the influence of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences on behavior and mental processes.

Humanistic Perspective

is a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the individual's subjective experience in understanding behavior and mental processes.

Incongruent Self-Concept

refers to a disparity between an individual's self-perception and their actual experiences or reality. This misalignment can lead to feelings of frustration, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

Cogintive Perspective

is a psychological approach that focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making in understanding behavior and mental processes.

Evolutionary Perspective

is a psychological approach that examines human thoughts and behaviors through the lens of evolution, emphasizing the adaptive functions and survival advantages of mental processes.

Sociocultural Perspective

is a psychological approach that examines how cultural and social environments influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions. It emphasizes the role of societal factors and cultural norms in shaping individual psychological processes.

Anorexia Nervousa

is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to restricted food intake and severe weight loss. Individuals often have a distorted body image and may engage in excessive exercise or other behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Bulimia Nerousa

is an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, often driven by a fear of weight gain.

Biological Perspective

is a psychological approach that emphasizes the physiological and genetic influences on behavior, thoughts, and emotions. It focuses on the brain, nervous system, hormones, and other biological factors in understanding psychological processes.

Biopsychosocial Model

is an approach that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand mental health and illness. This model acknowledges the interplay between genetics, mental processes, and environmental influences.

Biological

pertaining to the biological aspects of behavior and mental processes, including genetics and physiology.

Psychological

pertaining to the mental processes and behaviors, including thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.

Sociocultural

pertaining to the influences of society and culture on behavior and mental processes, including social norms and cultural practices.

Anxiety Disorders

A group of mental health disorders characterized by excessive fear or worry, impacting daily functioning and well-being.

Diathesis

stress model explains the interaction between biological predisposition and environmental stressors in the development of psychological disorders.

Genetic Predisposition

the inherited traits that increase the likelihood of developing certain psychological disorders.

Stress

a response to challenges or demands that can affect mental and physical health.

Neurodevelopmental Disorderes

a group of disabilities that occur early in development, affecting physical and cognitive abilities, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction, typically diagnosed in early childhood.

Genetic Factors

are variations in genes that may increase the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders.

Physiological Factors

refers to biological conditions and processes, including brain structure and function, that can influence the development and severity of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Envirometal Factors

are external conditions and influences, such as family environment, education, and socioeconomic status, that can affect the development of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Scizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

are a range of mental health disorders characterized by disturbances in thought processes, perception, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions, often leading to symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations.

Delusion

is a fixed, false belief that is resistant to reason or confrontation with actual fact, commonly seen in psychotic disorders. (Positive Symtptom)

Delusions of Prosecution

are false beliefs that one is being targeted or harmed by others, often seen in schizophrenia.

Delusions of Grandeur

are false beliefs that one has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame, often found in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Hallucination

is a perception in the absence of external stimulus, often involving seeing or hearing things that aren’t there, typically associated with various psychiatric conditions. (positive Symptom)

Auditory Hallucination

n is a type of hallucination where an individual hears sounds or voices that are not present, commonly associated with auditory processing disorders and schizophrenia.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

refers to erratic or unpredictable movements and behaviors often seen in individuals with schizophrenia, which can include agitation, silliness, or lack of responsiveness. Positive Or Negative Systomp

Catonia

is a state of unresponsiveness, marked by a lack of movement, communication, and reaction to external stimuli, often seen in severe psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia.

Catatonic Excitment

is a condition characterized by excessive and agitated movement, often associated with catatonia in schizophrenia. (Positive)

Catatonic Stupor

is a state of near-total unresponsiveness and immobility, often seen in severe cases of catatonia, where the individual may appear to be in a trance-like state. (Negative)

Flat Affect

is a condition where an individual shows a lack of emotional expression, often observed in various psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia.

Alogia

is a language impairment characterized by limited speech output and decreased fluency, often seen in individuals with schizophrenia. It reflects a lack of content in verbal communication.

Disorganized thinking or speech

is a cognitive disturbance characterized by incoherent or disrupted thought processes, often resulting in nonsensical speech patterns. It is commonly associated with schizophrenia and can make communication difficult. (positive)

Tangential Speech

is a communication pattern where the individual responds to questions in a way that is unrelated or only loosely related to the topic at hand. This can lead to conversations that stray significantly from the main point, often observed in certain psychiatric conditions.

Acute Symptom

is a symptom that arises suddenly and is intense in nature, often seen in episodes of mental health disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. These symptoms may include severe mood fluctuations or psychotic features.

Chronic Symptom

is a long-lasting symptom that persists over time, typically associated with the ongoing course of mental health disorders. Unlike acute symptoms, chronic symptoms may be more stable and can affect a person's functioning and quality of life.

Dopmanie hypothesis

is the theory suggesting that the presence of dopamine is significantly related to the development of certain mental health disorders, particularly in the context of schizophrenia and its symptoms.

Depressive Disorders

are a group of mental health disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities. Common types include major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

Major Depressive Disorders

are characterized by severe and persistent depressive symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning, including sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, and feelings of worthlessness.

Persistent Depressive Disorders

are a type of depressive disorder marked by a chronic state of depression lasting for at least two years, with fewer severe symptoms than major depressive disorder.

Biologicak and GEnetic Factors

play a significant role in the development of depressive disorders. They can influence brain chemistry and function, affecting mood regulation and contributing to the onset of depression.

Social and Cultural INfluences

encompass the impact of social relationships, cultural norms, and environmental factors on an individual's mental health and the development of depressive disorders.

Behavioral Factors

refer to the patterns of behavior and response that can contribute to the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders, including maladaptive coping strategies and negative thought patterns.

Cognitive Influences

affect an individual's perception, thought processes, and interpretation of events, significantly impacting their emotional well-being and susceptibility to depression.

Manic Episodes

characterized by an abnormally elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsive behaviors, often seen in bipolar disorder.

Depressive Episodes

periods of low mood, decreased energy, and loss of interest in activities, commonly associated with major depressive disorder.

Bipolar Cycling

the fluctuation between manic and depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder.

Biopolar 1 Disorder

a mental health condition characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or depressive episodes.

Biopolar 2 Disorder

a mental health condition characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.

Anxiety Disorders

a group of mental health conditions that involve excessive fear, anxiety, and related behavioral disturbances.

Specific Phobia

a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation, leading to avoidance behaviors.

Agooraphobia

a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of public places.

Panic Disorder

a type of anxiety disorder that involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and a persistent fear of future attacks.

Ataquue De Nervous

a term used in some cultures to describe symptoms of acute anxiety or panic, typically manifesting as overwhelming emotional distress and physical symptoms.

Cultural Bound Disorder

syndromes are psychological disturbances that are specific to certain cultural groups, reflecting cultural beliefs, practices, and social environments.

Social Anxiety Disorders

characterized by intense fear or anxiety in social situations, often leading to avoidance of such interactions.