Nucleotides

what do nucleotides do?

provide energy

are structural components for DNA, RNA

synthesis and protection

centre point of metabolism

signal transduction

what is the general structure of a nucleotide?

phosphate

pentose sugar

nitrogen containing base

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

in the mitochondria

what is the end product of glycolysis?

pyruvate

what kind of reaction converts pyruvate to lactate?

oxidation-reduction reaction

what enzymes is required for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and vice versa?

lactate dehydrogenase

when is lactate production important?

anaerobic metabolism- high intensity exercise, cancers, anoxia/hypoxia, enthrocytes

what is the difference between NADPH and NADH?

NADPH has a phosphate on the hydroxyl group of 2’C

what is reductive biosynthesis?

the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol

how is NADPH regenerated?

by the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway

what is cellular respiration?

the process in which cells consume O₂ and produce CO₂

what are the 3 main stages of respiration?

acetyl CoA production

acetyl CoA oxidation

electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

what happens during the first stage of respiration?

glucose is converted into pyruvate in glycolysis

fatty acids are metabolised via beta oxidation, two Cs removed are converted into acetyl CoA

the removal of the amino group from amino acids

what happens during the second stage of respiration?

acetyl CoA feeds into the citric acid cycle

what happens during the third stage of respiration?

NADH and FADH₂ carry the electrons for the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation

ADP and Pi are converted into ATP

O₂ is reduced to H₂O

where does glycolysis occur?

within the cytosol

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

in the mitochondria

how many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule during aerobic metabolism) respiration?

theoretically ~36-38

actually 30-32 due to ATP usage for active transport within the mitochondria

what is cyclic AMP?

a common second messenger produced in response to hormones and other chemical signals

formed from ATP in a reaction catalysed by adenylate cyclase