Gender and Labour - Labour Segregation

PPT slides

Gender and Labour - Labour Segregation

We must make haste, for when we home are come, we find out work but just begun; so many things for our attendance

Mary Collier 1688-1762

·      The first working -class woman poet to be published in England

·      She is best known for her 1739 poem “the woman’s labour”, which she wrote: the woman’s labour”, which she write in response to Stephan Ducks’ poem the thresher labour

·      Reminds us that the world of work has been gendered and will remain gendered if nothing is done

·      Ducls was another working class- poet, who criticized he sewas the laziness of woman working in the fields

·      Collier’s poem, describing back-breaking labour by, and exploitation of female workers is one of

·      Mary collier poem described  back breaking labour of women was one of the first feminist critiques in English literature

·      The woman’s labour

·      The world of work has been gendered for as long we know as remain gendered today

·      The woman’s labour provides into the 18

Marylin Wang- Unpaid Workers: The Absence of Rights

·      A professor at Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand

·      A feminist, an author, an activist for woman human rights and environmental issues

·      A long-time activist for LGBTQ rights

·      The youngest woman elected to the New Zealand parliament

·      Provinces a gender analysis of the average time spent on unpaid work in Finland, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada

·      Reveals the serious policy consequences caused by ignoring the economic importance of women’s unpaid work and the environment when calculating the GPD (gross domestic product)

·      Unpaid work in the main forms of employment if four sectors –

o   Subsistence production

o   The household economy

o   The informal sector

o   Voluntary and community work

·      Unpaid, underpaid, or differently paid full-time caregiving work

·      Makes the analysis the average time spent on unpaid work of men and woman in Finland, Australia, and Canada

·      Providers a gender of the average spent on unpaid work

·      Reveals the serious policy consequences caused by ignoring the economic importance of woman’s unpaid work and the environment

GPD

·      Total monetary or market values of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period

·      It is typically calculated on an annual basis

·      It is sometimes calculated on a quarterly basis as well

·      The Gross Domestic Product (GPD) in Canada was worth 1643.40 billion US dollars in 2020, according to official data from the World Bank. The GPD value of Canada represents 1.46 precent of the world economy

The Second Shift: definition

·      Woman with dual responsibilities as wage earners and unpaid household workers work “the second shift”
woman still do the bulk of domestic work

Unpaid work/invisible work

·      Woman do most of the daily chores-

·      Cooking

·      Clean up

·      Ironing

·      Gardening

·      childcare

·      Eldercare

·      provisional cuts from the government increases these responsibilities

Time Spent by Woman in Elder-Care in Canada

·      caring for ageing parents, costs Canadians $33 billion annually

·      women are still bearing the brunt of the caregiving work

·      43.5 million Americans have provided unpaid care to an adult age 50 or older in 2016

·      65 percent of care recipients are woman

·      Upwards of 75 precent of all caregivers are woman and may spend as much as 50 percent more time providing care than males (Institute of Aging, 2016)

Woman Changes in Work Pattern

·      Work part-time

·      Change jobs

·      Reduce their jobs

·      Reduce their hours

·      Turn down career opportunities

Gender Ideologies about Breadwinning/Female Roles

·      Many North American families still believe in the traditional; male breadwinning/female housewife model

·      Work is often seen as a testing ground of masculinity, and earnings can be its index

·      Gender ideologies about breadwinning are in flux but remain resilient

·      Woman’s employment also continues to be affected by gender ideologies

·      If the husband makes less than the wife, both partners may engage in deviant neutralization ----

·      Maybe they Understand her income or be exaggerating  his to preserve the idea of the male breadwinner

·      Both members of a couple may regard her worth as more flexible than what it was

How does the Second Shift Impact Woman’s Health

·      Working 60 hours or more triples the risk id diabetes, cancer, heart trouble, arthritis, hypertension, and asthma for men and woman

·      For men long hour work only appears to contract the risk of arthritis

·      So why do ling hours take a different toll on the body based in gender-

·      Woman generally assume greater family responsibilities than men

·      Therefore, when woman working long hours, they may be experiencing more time pressure and stress than men, and thoer health consequently might be more affected

·      Diabetes, cancer, heart trouble, arthritis, asthma

·      “Therefore, when woman work long hours, they may experience more time pressure and stress than men, and their health consequently considered over a long timeframe” -  Ohio State University (2016)

Findings

·      39 percent of mothers said they have taken significant time away from work to care for family member

·      56 percent of fathers say chores are spilt evenly between parents, but half of moms say they do more around the house

·      Women are twice as likely as men today to assume the responsibility for caring for a seriously ill family falls primary on woman

·      Mothers spend twice as much time on childcare as fathers do

·      Mothers are more likely to interrupt their careers to attend to family needs than fathers are

Gender Segregation - Most Common Occupations for Woman – 2019

·      Retail salespersons

·      Administrative assistants

·      Registered nurses

·      Cashiers

·      Kindergarten/elementary teachers

·      Receptionists

·      Secretaries

·      Housekeepers

·      Child-care workers

·      Customer service representatives

·      Managers

Most common occupation for men in 2019

·      Transport truck driver

·      Retail salesperson

·      Retail and wholesale trade managers

·      Janitors/building superintendents

·      Food counter attendants, kitchen helpers and related support occupations

·      Carpenters

·      Physicians

·      Construction trades helpers and labourers

·      Automotive service technicians’ truck and bus mechanics and mechanical repairers

Gender segregation

·      Woman and men’s concentration in different occupations-

·      Reflects the gender differences in employment opportunities

·      “Woman and mens concetration in different occupations, industries, jobs and levels in workplace hierarchies” – Barbara Reskin, 1993

·      gender segregation has been indented as the earning gaps between men and woman

·      male dominated occupations are those that comprise 25 percent or fewer woman

·      in the United States only 7.2 percent of woman worked full time in male dominated industries

·      In the United States, male dominated occupations pay more than female occupations

Second definition-

·      Given by Barbara Reskin, 1993

·      Argues that genders segregation of women’s and men’s concentration in different occupation, industries, jobs, and levels in workplace hierarches

There are two types of gender segregation-

·      Horizontal – refers to the segregation within occupation in different fields that are roughly similar in terms of education and skill requirements-

·      Truck driver and secretarial work or

·      Engineering and teaching

·      Vertical – refers to the segregation associated with difference in education,

·      Differences of education, experiences, and skill-

·      Law –

o   Legal secretaries

o   Clerks

o   Paralegal professionals

o   Lawyers

o   And judges

·      Women have lower pay and states

·       experiences, and skill withing the same fields

·      Both contribute to gender in quality and gender pay gap

·      That women do not have the same opportunities in the labour market in either term of wages and opportunities

·      And segregation remains the most major

·      In construction men made up the majority of the labour workforce-

·      And women’s make up the majority of childcare jobs

Occupational Segregation

·      Occurs in workplaces where some jobs are primarily male dominated, and others are primarily dominated by women

·      In 2011, 55 percent of all Canadian in the service roles were women, while 88 percent of workers in construction were men

·      The healthcare and social assistance section was overwhelmingly female at 82 precent

·      Male dominated occupations are those that comprise 25 percent fewer woman

Occupation Segregation overrepresentation

·      Women- clerical service, professional occupations

·      Men- crafts and related trades, plants and machine operator, assembler jobs

Underrepresentation of Woman in the Physician and Scientific Domain

·      Women have comprised almost 50 percent of medical school graduates since 2004, but they only, make up 35 precent of all physician workforce

·      Women represent half the graduates of STEM programs but represent less than 25 percent of STEM faculty

·      Within medical specialties, women represent far higher number of physicians entering primary care specialties than nonprimary care specialities  

·      63 precent of pediatricians are women, compared to just 18 percent of cardiologists and 5 percent of orthopedic surgeons

Gender Disparity in Promotions

·      Women are not promoted as quickly or to the same level of leadership as men

·      About 18% of department chairs and deans are women

·      The exclusion of women from, and the concentration of men in, leadership positions creates extreme power differentials in academic medicine (Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), 2020)

Underrepresentation on Leadership/Politics

·      Women hold 91.4 percent of board seats

·      In 2016, 56 percent of corporate boards were filled entirely by men, while another 28 percent of corporations has only one woman member. Just 15.2 percent had more than one woman

Underrepresentation in STEM – U.S. and Canada

·      In Ontario careers in the STEM fields are not equally represented by women, having approximately 2.5 times more men

·      In 2016, in Canada 23% of science and technology workers were woman

·      Woman make up only 24 percent of those employed in STEM occupations in the US

Why has gender segregated market emerged in the workforce?

·      Differential socialization of young men and women

·      Sex- typed tracking in educational systems

·      Sex-linked social control at the workplace, at the hiring stages and beyond

·      The practice of directing male and female students into different paths in regard to societal norms

Impacts of Segregation on Wages (Veterinary medicine)

·      1890s it was defined as a male dominated field in medicine

·      Late 60s only 5 percent of veterinary students were woman

·      Today that number us closer to 80 percent

·      The number of female veterinarians has more than double since 1991

·      The number of make veterinarians has declined by 15 percent

·      Woman are the majority of the veterinarian (57 percent int eh us and 59 percent in Canada)

·      In 1970 veterinarians had the same pay as physicians

Impact of Segregation on Wages (Computer programming)

·      1940s woman were hired as keypunch operators (jobs seem “clerical”)

·      It became attractive to men, who began to enter the fields, consequently driving wages up considerably and untimely pushing woman out

The Gender Wage Gap

·      Refers the difference in earnings between women and men in the workplace

·      That the wage gap has narrowed overtime in Canada and other countries-

·      Women of colour, indigenous, people with disabilities, and more it affects that more

Gender Gap 1998 – 2018

·      Community and government services (8.5%)

·      Professional occupations in education services (7.7%) and,

·      Professional occupations in business and fiancé (7.2%)

·      These three higher-paying occupational groups employed a larger share of core-aged woman in 2018 than in 1998

Persisting Inequities Among the Sexes in Canada

·      A 2015 UN Human Rights report raised concerns about “the persisting inequalities between woman and men” in Canada, including the “high level of the pay gap” and its disproportionate effect on low-income women, visible minority woman, and indigenous woman

·      Canada has also tumbled down the World Economic Forum’s global gender gap rankings, to 35 the place, from 19 place two years earlier

·      The gender wage gap narrowed between 1998 and 2018-

·      According to statistics Canada much of this change was caused by two factors: the changes in distribution of men and women across occupations

Is the wage gap disappearing?

·      The wage has remained stagnant since 2000

·      In an annual basis, Canadian women continue to earn only about 72 percent of what men earn

·      British Columbia is the worst province in Canada for gender gap in hourly wages: statistics Canada

·      PEI was the only province were there was no wage gap between sexes

·      Factors that led to continued gaps were the number of woman working part-time and the distribution of men and women across industries, with construction, manufacturing and mining remaining higher paid male dominated industries

·      On an annual basis, Canadian women continue to earn only about 72% of what men earn

·      On an hourly basis the gap narrows but remains significant, with woman earning on average 87% of men’s hourly wages

·      The wage gap is not a myth

What are the Causes for the Wage Gap

·      Discrimination, sexism, expectations for childcare, gender segregation

·      Discrimination, inaccessible child -cater (decline in women’s earning, childcare sometimes cost more than rent, etc.)

·      Women’s work is simply not values as highly as the work that is assigned to men

·      In every field women tend to be concentrated at the bottom of the pay scale

·      Withing any occupational category, women are less likely than men to get the promotions, that being higher wages

·      Women cluster at the bottom of the pay scale even with highly pay occupations such as medicine

British Columbia worst province in Canada for gender gap hourly wages: Statistics Canada

·      “given that women in Canada have sur[assed men in education achievement , diversified their field in study of post-secondary institutions and increased their representation in higher-status occupations the persistence of gender-based wage inequality warrant continued attention,” the report states

·      Women in B.C are earning on average almost 20% less an hour than men, the largest gender pay gap in Canada

·      A statistics Canada report showed that, on average, Canadian women earned $4.13 or 13.3% percent less than their male counterparts, with women in B.C facing the largest gap, 18.9 percent, followed by women in Alberta, 17.6 percent. P.E.I was the only province where their wad no wage gap between the sexes

·      The report found that Canadian women aged 25-54 earned on average $26.92 an hour in 2018 while men earned on average $31.05, a difference of 13.3%. in 1998, the difference was 18.8%. the average wage for a man in B.C in 2018 was $31.73 compared with $25.83 for a woman

·      Factors that led to the continued gaps were the number of woman working part-time and the distribution of men and women across industries, with construction, manufacturing and mining remaining higher-paid male-dominated industries

The Glass Ceiling

·      Women face twin barriers of the glass ceiling and the sticky floor

·      Which combines to kept hem stuck at the bottom and unable to reach the top

·      The glass ceiling keeps that without being prompted and multiplied when intersectional issues are brought into the equation

·      Keeps women from being promoted as equally as men

·      Other intersectional effects, like race, sex

·      most men are in a position to hire, they may unconsciously  or consciously pick to hire someone who is white, male or abled body

The Glass Escalator Effect

·      Men entering female jobs tend to rise in disproportionate number

·      Men entering female dominated occupations tend to rise in disproportionate number

·      Men working as bures, social workers, librarian, elementary teach

The Rise the Glass Ceiling

·      Sociologists call the

·      When men enter a more female dominate occupation people expect that they will face the same discrimination as women do, but they don’t and just surf across the glass ceiling

·      Conceptualization given by sociologists-

·      That men rise along the glass escalator and get promotions

The Sticky Floor·      Keeps women and other groups trapped in low wage positions with little opportunity for upward mobility

·      The chilly climate-

·      Equity of access does not necessarily guarantee equality of treatment within any given institution

·      An inhospitable workplace for a person of the wrong sex, through exclusionary, isolating, dismissive, or generally cold behaviours, based in cultural notions of gender appropriate labour

·      Is a concept used to draw attention to the equality of access that does not necessarily guarantee equal

·      Represent the hostile working environment withing marginalized communities

The Motherhood penalty

·      A term coined by sociologists say that when working mothers have disadvantages in pay and holds them back in leadership positions

·      The motherhood penalty may play a big part in holding women back form leadership positions and contribute with the wage gap

·      In the U.S women are nervous to tell their bosses that are pregnant because of the concern of being held back from leadership positions or other consequences they may face

Childcare - Vancouver

·      In 2018 B.C launched a fee reduction program which aimed to cut daycare costs by up to $350 a month per space depending on a child’s age and the type of childcare facility

·      The money would go to daycare with savings passed in to parents

·      The provincial government also began converting 2,500 spaces at 53 universal childcare prototype sites into $10 a day for spot eligible parents

·      the median fees cost of full time,  full-day-childcare in Vancouver in 2012 ranged from $760 to &1,047 per month depending on the child’s age

·      the median cost of full-time, full-day-childcare in Vancouver last year was about $1,400 a month for an infant, $1,407 for a toddler, and $1,000 for a preschooler

·      Toronto and the surrounding areas reported median feeds of up to $1,685 a month last year

Gender Segregation and Discrimination

·      Women’s work is simply noy valued as highly as the work that is assigned to men

·      In every field women tend to be concentrated at the bottom of the pay scale

·      Within any occupational category, women are less likely than men to get promotions that bring them higher wages

·      Women cluster at the bottom of the pay scale even with highly paid occupations such as medicine

·      Women in clinical departments make 76 cents on the dollar compared to men

·      Woman in basic science departments earn 90 cents on the dollar compared to men (AAMC, 2020)

Cost of childcare in Vancouver

·      Vancouver has a median monthly fee increase of 5.3 percent, the eight highest increase in Canada

·      Burnaby has the third highest increase in Canada at 7.1 percent, while Surrey was fourth at 6.3 percent

Advantages of affordable and accessible childcares in B.C

·      Allows mothers to return to the workforce after having a child

·      Improve the economic independence of mother

·      Financial independence allow women to leave abusive relationships, access education, and take control of their own moving us closer to gender equity and social justice

·      Women gain financial independence, so their families are less likely to live in poverty

·      Benefits businesses by reducing stress and absenteeism among employees who are parents

·      Enables mothers to return to work after parental leave

·      Sets us up on a path for a stronger economy in the future, as more children are supported are supported to reach their full potential

Wage Gaps in the US

·      Women in Washington state earned 81 cents to a man’s dollar in 2014

·      In 2018 women made $850 per week while men made $1,140 per week

·      In California women made 88.3% of what man earned

·      In Nevada, women make 87% of what a man earns

·      In Oregon, 82%

·      In Arizona close to 84%

Wage GAP in Hollywood

·      Average salary is 6.6 million for women and 11.9 million for men

·      Maker Wahlberg’s salary for “All the Money in the World” was reportedly $5 million

·      Michelle Williams was $625,000, though the co-stars essentially has equal screen time

·      Jessica Chastain was paid about $1.75 million for “The Martian,” while Matt Damon reportedly earned as much as $25 million

Wage Gap in Professional Sports

·      Cristiano Ronaldo is the world’s highest paid athlete with earnings reported to be more than $88 million including lucrative sponsorship deals and endorsements

·      The highest paid female football player, Alex Morgan, earns around $2.8 million

How can we eliminate the gender GAP

·      Eliminating barriers for women to enter high-wage occupations

·      Eliminating barriers for girls to enter careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)

·      Addressing systemic discrimination, particularly us male-dominated fields

·      Advocating to improve workplace polices (Childcare, family leave)

·      Recognizing and challenging gender stereotypes that reinforce notions of “appropriate” work for men

·      Eradicating and preventing sexual harassment at the workplace

How long will it take the gender wage gap to close

·      According to the institute for Women’s Policy Research, at our current rate the gender gap won’t be until 2058

·      Others argue it might take one hundred and seventy year to close

Sexual Harassment

·      Workplace harassment includes verbal abuse, humiliating behaviour, threats to person, physical violence, and unwanted sexual attention or sexual harassment

·      19 percent of women and 13 percent of men reported that they have experience harassment in their workplace in the past year

·      Women were more likely to report a sexual harassment int their workplace (9 percent) than men (less than 1 percent)