Eisenhower - Foreign policy

Eisenhower F.P. foundation

WW2 military hero

criticised democrat F.P (not enough vs communism)

Sec of state anti-communist

Cutting gov spending

Stalin death 1953- opportunity for change in cold war

Ike sec of state (what policy)

John foster dulles

-anti communist - good vs evil

-rollback of communist frontiers over containment

-massive retaliation

-'Brinkmanship' - never going over the edge to war but verge

-Brother allan head of CIA

Ike F.P. name and features (5)

New look F.P.

-Negotiation

-Massive retaliation (nuclear weapons 1st not last resort)

-Anti-communist alliances

-CIA

-Rollback

New look F.P. - similar or different

similar

-prevent soviet expansion

-aid to communist resistance

-liberation through peaceful means

-global web of anti-com alliances

different

-Dulles emphasis on rollback

-nuclear weapons 1st not last resort- massive retaliation

-CIA large scale operations

-nuclear emphasis- cut conventional forces

-negotiation w/USSR as legitimate part of policy

New look FP - europe events

Stalin death 53

Hungary 56

Berlin 58/59

U2 60

stalins death

1953

-soviets create joint leadership

-US hopeful for better relations

-Khrushchev denounced stalin as criminal- desalinisation

-Khrushchev talked bout peaceful co-existence

Krushcev peaceful co-existence: examples and effect on cold war relations

-agreed end of occupation of austria- democratic country 1955

-sino-soviet relations worsen- betrayal of maxist-lenist to not destroy capitalism

Hungary - when/how many soldiers/deaths

1956

-Hungary looked to shift away from communism- renounce member of warsaw pact- expected west help (rollback)

-Khrushchev sends 200,000 soldiers killing 40,000 hungarians

Hungary - US response and significance

condemned by eisenhower- stated landlocked hungary was 'as impenetrable as tibet'

-dulles talk of rollback empty rhetoric?

The arms race treatys under Ike

'Atoms for peace' speech 1953 -> International Atomic Energy Agency 1957

-proposed 'open skies'- share intelligence

Khrushchev visit to the US

1959 - Camp david - discuss berlin, nuclear arms

Berlin controversy - when, what, end

1958/59

-Berlin as post behind iron curtain- capitalist propaganda

-Khrushchev ordered withdrawl from berlin within 6 months

-threatened the control of west berlin communications to east germany

-Ike called bluff and deadline cancelled- foreign ministers 3 months meeting

-No major agreements but furthered negotiations (Khrushchev visit to US)

U2 incident - when/who/directly before ______

1960

-after 4 years of sucessuful U2 spy planes - one shot down

-photograph soviet military instalments- proves military US superiority

-claim to be weather plane- assumed no evidence remained- pilot gary powers survived and confessed

-2 weeks before paris peace summit- cancelled

U2 impact

Ike confronted- refused to apologise

cancelled tour of Russia- relations tarnished

called off U2 planes

New look F.P - middle east events

Iran 53

Baghdad pact 55

Suez crisis 56

Eisenhower doctrine 57

Iran - when/trigger (who)

1953

-Ike eager to contain communist influence & keep oil supplies to west in middle east

-iranian president mossadeq tried to nationalise 1/2 owned british oil company

-links to iranian communist party

Iran - events (operation- support?) - outcome

-Ike 'obsessed by fear'

-World boycott of iranian oil

-Operation ajax - overthrow with support iranian shah

CIA stage communist rallies- performed even larger ones to rid of mossadeq

iran now aligned with US - Soviet border - US companies stakes in Iranian oil

Baghdad pact

1955

Pact for Britain to maintain influence - US observer status

-Anti communist allies- UK, iraq, later iran and pakistan

Later CENTO

Suez crisis

1956

Nasser nationalist- recognised PRC, US cut aid to egypt- Nasser nationalised british owned Suez canal

Anglo-egypt relations break- france side w/britain (algerian goals)

US proposed international agreements- failed

Israel brought in to invade Egypt, UK bombing and para troops

Soviets branded UK as aggressors - tried to intervene w/US

Ike decline, condemned UK operation- diplomatic pressure led to withdrawal and soviets keep suez

suez crisis outcome

soviet-egypt alliance

New arab republic 1958 (egypt and syria)

Eisenhower doctrine (e.g. and difference to truman)

1957- econ/military aid to middle east states vs communism

King Jordan $10 million

10,000 marines -> lebanon

Directly vs communism unlike truman doctrine

Middle east relations US and USSR

US- supplied arms to Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi - Israel ally (loathed by arab states)

USSR- Egypt and syria

Arab nationalism increasing- 1958 nationalists overthrow pro west iraq monarchy

Eisenhower Asia events

Korea 50-53

Taiwan 1954-58

Geneva accords 1954

SEATO 1954

Laos 1959

Vietnam - Eisenhower

-Continued to fund french vs Ho chi minh

-supported creation of S.Vietnam 1955

-Domino theory but didnt want American boys fighting

-1954 french defeat- econ help, 1955 military advisors

Vietnam - 2 nationalist groups and parallel

Vietminh- N.V org

Vietcong- S.V org

17th parallel

Korea - Eisenhower

Promised to go to korea

Threatened china w/bombs & death of stalin (peace talks obstacle)

Truce signed 1953

Chinese gov after 1949

Chiang and nationalists fled to taiwan

-US refused to recognise PRC- chinag seat at UN council

-US didnt offer formal assistance- belief Chiang wanted war and mainland invasion

2 taiwan islands

Quemoy and Matsu

Garrisoned by chiang forces

Taiwan straits

1954 Chiang 'holy war' vs PRC- promise attack

-sustained bombing of Q&M- led to mutual defense act w/US- US protect taiwan against aggression, Chiang not invade w/out approval

1955 PRC attack Tachen islands near Q&M - 'Formosa resolution'- Ike any military action needed - announce any move vs Taiwan to be met w/nuclear weapons on mainland china - informal ceasefire w/ Enlai (head of Gov)

1958 Q&M renewed bombing PRC - nuclear threat re-issued - US offer china chance to negotiate - accepted

-Dulles discussed w/Chiang- coulnt go to war

why did the US have a firm stance for Taiwan

-show world they would

-Taiwan outpost in asian perimeter

-after loss china- congress and public demand tough policy vs china

-Dulles aware to test sino-soviet relation and damage alliance (USSR not showing more support)

Treaties in Asia

Geneva accords 1954- end hostilities, divide VNAM 17th parallel, national elections (US didnt officially sign)

SEATO- prevent communist interference south vietnam and co- US, france, australia, new zealand, phillipenes, thailand, pakistan but lacked major regional powers india and indonesia

Laos Eisenhower

Pro-west gov created w/ CIA help 1959 after communist opposition- was used as conduit for supplies to NVietnamese and vietcong

Latin america events eisenhower

guatemala 1953-54

Cuba 1959

Latin america significance for US

-Private investment : Honduras- fruit ; Cuba- 2/3 sugar; Venezuala 1/2 oil; Chile- copper ; Nicaragua- 90% exports to US

-Essential communist threat didnt spread in own backyard- security and economy

pre eisenhower agreements

1947 Rio pact - defence treaty in Americas

1948 Org of American states- political arm of rio pact

Guatemala (when/who/why)

1953-54

-Poor country 50% lived off 3% land- Arbenz elected- nationalist and left-leaning

-1953 Arbenz seizes US fruit company land

-US saw as threat and arbenz 'communist'(just nationalist)

guatemala events

Operation PBSucess - CIA w/ Armas

-Arbenz bought USSR arms- more 'proof'

-Armas invasion 1954- Eisenhower civilian bombings - Arbenz support falls, army defected

-Arbenz flees to mexico, Armas president - US ally, anti-communist

Cuba eisenhower (how far and context)

1959 - Cuba 90 miles from US

Castro assumed leadership over American-sponsored Batista w/peasantry support

-Land distribution (not inherently communist)

-Confiscation of US assets, PRC recognition and soviet trade agreements (sugar)

cuba eisenhower - reaction

Embargo on cuban sugar- CIA start training cuban exiles for future invasion

-Continued seizes assets - diplomatic relations broke 1961

tarnished relations, set up for kennedy (dangerous cold war scenes)

impact of cold war at home

-communist sympathy met w/potential FBI involvement - all books/films left leaning removed- directors and actors particularity worried

-fear from bomb radiation- nevada testing site (100 explosions in 13 years)

-school air raid drills - 'duck and cover'

-interstate highway act 1956, 1 million public shelters by 1960- private shelters encouraged

public info cold war

duck and cover

keep car tank 3/4 full at all times

what did ike emphasise in his farewell speech

development, necessary but danger, of nuclear/hydrogen bombs - not to let it cloud American values

nuclear arms race

1945 - first atom bomb - hiroshima and nagasaki

49- soviet bomb

52- US H-bomb

53- soviet H-bomb

55- US B52 bomber

60- polaris SLBM

what is nuclear deterrence

nuclear weapons intended to deter other states

what is MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction

what is a missile gap

suspicion that the United States lagged behind the Soviets in weaponry

types of missile

ICBM

SLBM

space race

1957- sputnik 1 & 2 - 1st artificial satellite in space (and dog)

-failed US rocket

1958- explorer 1 US

-Sputnik 3

1959- 1st rocket to moon USSR

1560- 1st man in space USSR - yuri Gagarin

what is flexible response

ability to fight across all spectrums of warfare, not just nuclear (JFK)